Evaluation of the inclusion of estimators of body composition in models for the prediction of milk production by dairy cows.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Biomedical subjects
J D Sutton
Publications and source records attributed to J D Sutton.
Kinetics of blood free and milk casein-amino acid labelling in the dairy goat at two stages of lactation.
The kinetics of blood free amino acids (AA) transfer into milk casein were compared in goats (n 4) at 61 (SE 5) d (Expt 1; post-peak, 4.51 (SE 0.26) kg milk/d) and at 180 (SE 6) d (Expt 2; late, 2.36 (SE 0.16) kg milk/d) of lactation during non-primed, continuous (Expt 1, 12 h; Expt 2, 16 h) intravenous infusions of mixtures of L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[1-13C]phenylalanine with either L-[1-13C]valine (Expt 1) or L-[5-13C]methionine (Expt 2). The 13C enrichments of blood free and casein-bound AA were fitted to a single exponential model to estimate isotopic plateaux and the fractional rate constant for milk casein labelling. Milk protein output and its contribution to whole-body flux was higher in Expt 1 (post-peak) than in Expt 2 (late lactation), but the kinetics of 13C labelling of the casein-bound AA were similar for all AA tracers in both experiments. At both stages of lactation the delay (6-8 h) between the attainment of isotopic plateau for the blood free AA and the corresponding attainment of plateau for the casein-bound AA indicated that the blood free pool was not the immediate precursor pool for milk casein biosynthesis. Plateau enrichments of casein-bound AA were generally higher than those for the corresponding blood free AA in both experiments. These results indicate that the relative contributions of different AA sources to the immediate precursor pool for milk casein biosynthesis are similar at different stages of lactation despite major changes in the partitioning of whole-body flux towards milk protein output. Non-milk protein fluxes were also similar in post-peak and late lactation.
Amino Acids↗
The effect of supplementary protein on in vivo metabolism of the mammary gland in lactating dairy cows.
Four lactating cows equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas were fed a diet of grass silage and concentrates containing either 12.4 or 17.2% CP (DM basis) in a change-over design. Additional protein was supplied as white fish meal. Fish meal did not affect molar proportions of VFA in the rumen, but duodenal NAN supply was increased .69 g/g of N in supplementary feed. In Experiment 2, three lactating dairy cows that had been prepared with catheters across the mammary gland were fed the same diets using a switchback design. Blood samples were taken to determine changes in metabolite flux to the mammary gland. In both experiments, milk production and protein yield were nonsignificantly increased by addition of fish meal. Milk urea output was increased from 3.18 to 4.74 g/d by fish meal supplementation, reflecting increased arterial concentrations of urea. Concentrations of glucose, VFA, and BHBA in blood showed no substantial changes because of dietary supplementation of fish meal. Supply of essential AA increased 26% with fish meal supplementation, mammary uptake increased 34%, but milk protein output only increased 5%. The low efficiency of conversion of supplementary protein to milk protein appears to be related to the inability of the gland to utilize the additional AA.
Amino Acids↗
Variations in blood flow to and from the bovine mammary gland measured using transit time ultrasound and dye dilution.
Blood flow across the lactating bovine mammary gland was measured by two techniques. The use of transit time flow probes appeared to give flows which correlated well with dye dilution in only one of five cows, although the relative changes in flow were similar between the techniques in four of the cows. Further studies were made on the effect of posture on mammary blood flow using both techniques. The crossover of venous blood from one side of the mammary gland was also studied using the dye dilution technique, and revealed large differences between animals and also with posture. These observations suggest that particular care should be taken when sampling blood from the milk vein of cows, if a representative sample is required. Changes in blood flow with posture may be indicative of a repartitioning of flow within the body, and the physiology of such a mechanism would be of interest in itself. The control of this mechanism may be useful in modifying blood flow to the mammary gland and thus milk yield, since blood flow is related to the level of milk production.
Animals↗
Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of pancytopenia secondary to colchicine overdose.
OBJECTIVE: To report a case of pancytopenia following colchicine overdose and to discuss the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for treating this severe complication. CASE SUMMARY: A 19-year-old man developed pancytopenia four days after ingestion of approximately 50-60 0.6-mg colchicine tablets in a suicide attempt. His pancytopenia resolved after subcutaneous administration of one 300-micrograms dose of G-CSF. The patient recovered from his other multiorgan disturbances during his hospitalization and was discharged from the hospital with elevated liver enzyme concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Colchicine overdose is rare, but can be fatal. The use of G-CSF appears to be beneficial in alleviating bone marrow depression in colchicine overdose situations.
Adult↗
Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib.
Four lactating Friesian cows with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given early (EC)- or late (LC)-cut grass silage ad lib., each with either 3 or 9 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/d in a 4 x 4 Latin square design starting about 10 weeks after calving. Feed was offered twice daily at 08.30 hours and 15.30 hours. Periods lasted 5 weeks and measurements were made in the last 15 d. The higher amount of concentrates increased total DM intake but reduced silage DM intake and the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM. Later cutting date of silage had no effect on DM intake or the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM but reduced potential degradability of silage fibre. Dilution rate of CoEDTA in rumen fluid was greater during the day (eating period) than during the night (resting period). Dilution rates measured at the duodenum were lower than those measured in the rumen, but neither was affected by diet. Silage-particle passage rates were measured by use of ytterbium-labelled silage fibre (Yb-fibre) and chromium-mordanted faecal particles (Cr-faeces) and samples were taken at the duodenum and in the faeces. Values for slower rate constant (k1) and transit time were higher and for faster rate constant (k2) were lower for Yb-fibre than for Cr-faeces, but differences in total mean retention time were inconsistent. Values for k1 for both markers and k2 for Yb-fibre only were similar at both sampling sites, but values for k2 for Cr-faeces were lower in the faeces. No diet effects were established with Yb-fibre but, with Cr-faeces, k1 was reduced by more concentrates and EC-silage. Daily mean weights of wet digesta, liquid, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF in the rumen were greater with LC-silage but were unaffected by the amount of concentrates whereas weight of rumen DM was increased by the amount of concentrates only. Maximum rumen fill occurred at 18.00 hours with all diets. Particle-size distribution of rumen contents did not vary markedly during the day. Mean particle size was generally greater with LC-silage than EC-silage. Very small particles, passing through the 0.3 mm screen, constituted about half the rumen DM. It is concluded that rumen fill could have limited intake of LC-silage but not EC-silage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
The influence of insulin and amino acid supply on amino acid uptake by the lactating bovine mammary gland.
Four lactating dairy cows received arterial infusions of insulin (1.41 U/h), an AA mixture (threonine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine at 5.87, 1.90, 3.55, 2.17, and 4.21 mmol/h, respectively), and a combination of the two in a 4 x 4 Latin square. The infusions were performed over a 3-d period directly into the extra pudic artery on both sides of the mammary gland, and samples were taken simultaneously of the downstream extra pudic arterial blood and also of subcutaneous abdominal venous blood. Blood flow was measured by dye dilution using p-amino-hippuric acid and was increased by 37% by infusion of insulin plus AA (P less than .05). Infusions of AA tended to increase the arteriovenous difference and uptake of the infused AA (P less than .05 for phenylalanine) and had varying effects on the uninfused AA. Inclusion of insulin in the AA infusion tended to increase uptake of infused AA, whereas infusions of insulin alone tended to decrease uptake. There were no significant effects of infusion on milk yield or composition.
Amino Acids↗
SLE: management overview.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can often benefit from cooperative and collaborative interventions prescribed by both physicians and other arthritis health care professionals.
Humans↗
Intravenous pulsed steroids in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative dose study.
This prospective, double blind study was undertaken to test the efficacy of intravenous "minipulse" (100 mg) methylprednisolone (MP) therapy versus standard pulse (1000 mg) MP therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-six patients with RA synovitis flares were randomized to receive either 100 or 1000 mg MP IV QD x 3 doses. These 2 universally comparable groups exhibited no statistically significant differences in their striking prompt and sustained clinical improvement. These data suggest that minipulse MP is as efficacious as conventional pulse MP in the treatment of RA flares.
Adult↗
Lisinopril: a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Lisinopril is a synthetic, nonsulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Its bioavailability is approximately 25% and is not affected by food. Hepatic metabolism is not required for pharmacologic effect, which occurs 1 hour after administration. Peak serum concentration and effect are delayed, occurring 6-8 hours after a single dose and lasting for at least 24 hours. The drug is eliminated primarily by the kidneys. The elimination half-life is 12.6 hours and is prolonged in renal impairment. Lisinopril 10-80 mg once a day is effective in lowering blood pressure in all grades of essential and renovascular hypertension. It is as effective as hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, metoprolol, and nifedipine. Combining lisinopril with hydrochlorothiazide produces a greater degree of blood pressure reduction. Patients with congestive heart failure have demonstrated immediate and prolonged beneficial hemodynamic effects and increased exercise tolerance. Lisinopril is well tolerated. Clinically significant drug interactions have not been reported, but caution should be used when lisinopril is administered with diuretics, nifedipine, or agents that may increase concentrations of potassium. The usual initial oral dosage of lisinopril is 10 mg once a day (range 20-40 mg/day). Lower dosages may be necessary in patients with renal impairment or congestive heart failure, elderly persons, and those receiving diuretics.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
Aseptic meningitis associated with muromonab CD3 administration.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adolescent↗
Influence of dose size on the disposition of trans-[methoxy-14C]anethole in human volunteers.
The influence of dose size on the metabolic fate of the naturally occurring food flavouring trans-anethole has been investigated in human volunteers, using the [methoxy-14C]-labelled compound. The doses chosen were: 1 mg; close to the daily intake in the diet from foods, 50 mg; approximating to the amount present in a normal measure of an anise-flavoured beverage, and 250 mg. The order of administration was randomized. The major routes of elimination of 14C were in the urine (54-69% of the administered dose) and as exhaled 14CO2 (13-17%). Dose size had no systematic effect on either rate or route of excretion. Urinary metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, before and after treatment with beta-glucuronidase, and identified by comparison of their chromatographic mobilities with those of authentic standards. The principal metabolite (greater than 90% of urinary 14C) was 4-methoxyhippuric acid, accompanied by much smaller amounts of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and up to three other compounds, which were not examined further. The pattern of urinary metabolites was unaffected by dose size. These data are discussed with reference to the comparative metabolic disposition of trans-anethole in rats and mice, the species commonly used in toxicity testing and in which its fate exhibits a very marked dose dependence.
Adult↗
Feeding frequency for lactating cows: diurnal patterns of hormones and metabolites in peripheral blood in relation to milk-fat concentration.
1. The present paper reports the effects of dietary modifications on the diurnal pattern of concentrations of certain metabolites and hormones in the peripheral blood of lactating dairy cows. The cows were given fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates in the proportions of 30:70 or 10:90 (w/w). The concentrates were given in either two or six equal meals daily; the hay was given twice daily. 2. Previous reports of the same experiment had shown that milk-fat yield and concentration were reduced by increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet and increased by more frequent feeding of the concentrates. These changes could be explained in part by changes in rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions and mean daily concentrations of VFA, particularly propionic acid, and insulin in the peripheral blood, but these factors failed to explain all the increase in milk-fat concentration caused by more frequent feeding. 3. Analysis of blood samples taken at hourly intervals for 24 h at two stages of lactation showed that, in the cows fed six times daily, the concentrations of metabolites and hormones remained relatively constant over the day. In the cows fed twice daily, the concentrations of VFA, 3-hydroxybutyric acid and insulin all increased after both meals whereas the concentrations of glucose and growth hormone tended to fall. The concentration of non-esterified fatty acids tended to increase overnight and fall rapidly after the morning feed. The concentrations of glucagon, thyroxine and prolactin showed no clear pattern in relation to meals. The postprandial responses of propionate, insulin and growth hormone were greater with the higher concentrate diet. 4. The maximum concentration and the diurnal range of concentrations were reduced by more frequent feeding of both diets in the case of propionic acid and of the higher concentrate diet in the case of insulin, but the effects on insulin concentrations of more frequent feeding of the lower concentrate diet were smaller and not significant. The maximum concentration and the diurnal range of concentrations of growth hormone were unaffected by meal frequency. 5. It is concluded that the severity of milk-fat depression in cows fed twice daily is increased by the rapid rise in propionic acid concentration in the peripheral blood after a meal, which in turn increases insulin secretion and may be accompanied by a suppression of growth hormone release. This causes lipogenesis to be diverted towards adipose tissue at the expense of the mammary gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
Compartment models for estimating attributes of digesta flow in cattle.
1. The basic assumptions involved in one- and two-compartment models with age-independent distributed residence times (exponential, G1) for describing digesta flow are reviewed as the bases for describing families of one- and two-compartment models which assume age-dependent distributions (Gn) of residence times. 2. The two-compartment, age-independent model with exponentially distributed residence times (G1G1) yielded estimates of essentially equal rate parameters when fitted to faecal values for all four cows receiving a diet of 500 g coarsely chopped, sodium hydroxide-treated straw/kg and one of four cows receiving the same diet but with ground and pelleted straw. The incorporation of progressively higher orders of age dependency (G2-G6, Gn) into the faster turnover compartment of two-compartment models (GnG1) resulted in a resolution of equal rate parameters estimated by the G1G1 model and a reduction in standard errors for the rate and the initial concentration parameters. 3. The occurrence of equal rate parameters in two-compartment models indicated an age-dependent process; a process which could equally well be described by a one-compartment, age-dependent compartment having an order of age dependency equal to the sum of these orders in the two-compartment model with equal rate parameters. 4. The age-independent models overestimated time of first appearance in the faeces of a meal's particles. The association of age dependency with the faster turnover compartment resulted in earlier estimates for first appearance of the marked particles; estimates which were more consistent with observed first appearance. 5. The faecal excretion pattern from cows fed on the ground and pelleted straw diet exhibited an age-independent distribution of longer residence times which dominated approximately 80% of the later residence times. Age-dependent, one-compartment models gave a poor fit to such data from these cows fed on ground and pelleted straw. In contrast, age-dependent, one-compartment models provided an excellent fit to data from cows fed on chopped straw; data which indicated that age-independent distributions of residence times were much delayed in appearing or were totally absent. 6. The mean residence time for the slower turnover, age-independent compartment estimated from faecal excretional of stained particles from either diet was similar to that estimated from duodenal concentrations of the stained particles. This suggests that the slower turnover model compartment was confined to preduodenal sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Age Factors↗
Physical disability and psychosocial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus.
One hundred six ambulatory outpatients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) seen during 1985 completed the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Mean HAQ disability, pain and global assessment scores were 0.66, 0.81 and 29.4, respectively, indicating a mild amount of impairment. Significant correlations were observed between increased disability, increased pain and worse global assessment, and poor psychosocial adjustment across all domains of the PAIS. Our data suggest that functional and psychosocial impairment are present in patients with SLE; the use of such measures as outcomes in longitudinal studies is discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
A long-term evaluation of the treatment of osteoarthritis.
In a study of the long-term safety and efficacy of piroxicam (20 mg daily) in the treatment of osteoarthritis, 30 female patients with a mean duration of more than seven years of treatment were evaluated. Despite having had poor or no response with other drug therapies, in the majority of cases in which piroxicam was used half of the patients (15 of 30) reported feeling very good or good at their last visit, 13 said they felt fair, and only two reported feeling poor or very poor in terms of their sense of well-being. The incidence of adverse events was somewhat less than one event per patient year of exposure, and 94 percent of adverse events were mild or moderate. Laboratory measurements of drug safety did not reveal any evidence of renal, hepatic, or hematologic toxicity. It is significant that patients were willing to commit themselves to long-term piroxicam therapy for at least five years after an initial trial and that they preferred to continue taking the drug rather than switch to alternative forms of therapy.
Age Factors↗
Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones.
1. The present paper reports the effects on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites and hormones of giving fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates at different meal frequencies to lactating cows. In Expt 1 the total ration was given in two and twenty-four meals daily and in Expts 2-4 the concentrates were given in two and five or six meals and the hay in two meals daily. The diets contained 600-920 g concentrates/kg. 2. In Expt 1, minimum rumen pH was higher but mean pH was lower when cows were given their ration in twenty-four meals/d rather than two meals/d. 3. In all the experiments, the effects of increased meal frequency on the molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were small and not significant, although there was a general tendency for the proportion of acetic acid to increase and that of propionic acid to fall. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the proportion of acetic acid and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids. 4. In Expt 3, more frequent feeding was found to reduce the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood, but changes in other metabolites were small and not significant. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the concentrations of acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid and increased the concentrations of propionic acid and glucose. 5. The mean daily concentration of insulin in the blood was reduced by more frequent feeding of the higher-concentrate diet but not of the lower-concentrate diet. The concentration of glucagon also tended to fall with more frequent feeding. Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet increased the concentration of insulin. 6. More frequent feeding reduced the depression in milk-fat concentration caused by feeding the low-roughage diets. About three-quarters of the variation in milk-fat concentration could be related to changes in rumen VFA proportions, but the relations for the two meal frequencies had different intercepts although similar curves. The results suggest that milk-fat depression on low-roughage diets with twice-daily feeding was due to a change in rumen VFA proportions accompanied by elevated plasma insulin concentrations. The improvement in milk-fat concentration due to more frequent feeding could be explained partly by the small change in rumen VFA proportions and partly by a reduction in mean plasma insulin concentrations, but these mechanisms did not fully account for the milk-fat responses observed.
Animals↗
Long-term experience with piroxicam in osteoarthritis.
The long-term efficacy and safety of piroxicam 20 mg once daily in the treatment of osteoarthritis was evaluated in 30 patients--eight for three to five years, seven for six years, and 15 for more than seven years--for a total mean duration of six years. More than 93 percent (28/30) reported feeling well at the last visit, while 12 said they were either asymptomatic or had only mild symptoms. Total joint pain scores, total joint swelling and specific functional activity levels improved and remained improved throughout the study period. Side effects were relatively frequent but mostly in the mild to moderate class (159/166) and these were mostly gastrointestinal. Patients preferred remaining on the drug for a mean of six years rather than changing to alternative therapies made available to them.
Age Factors↗