PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J Downes

Publications and source records attributed to J Downes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Adopt-A-School Program: recruitment initiative of New York Counties Registered Nurses Association. District 13 education committee.

The goal of this program was to alleviate the existing nursing shortage in New York City by developing recruitment models appropriate for students in the City's high schools. The rationale was that well-informed nurses could create an attractive image of nursing by presenting programs to students, teachers, and guidance counselors. The program was successful in clarifying misconceptions and increasing the knowledge base regarding health issues and concerns and the role of the nurse.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of five methods, including the PDM Epsilometer test (E test), for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to six antipseudomonal antibiotics were tested by five methods: the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methods for broth microdilution, agar dilution, and agar disk diffusion; the Vitek Automicrobic System method (Vitek Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.); and the PDM Epsilometer test (E test) (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). The E test results showed excellent correlation with agar dilution results, with over 90% agreement within 1 doubling dilution between the E test and reference agar dilution MICs for all antimicrobial agents tested. The E test results also showed good correlation with the results from the reference agar disk diffusion method, with 90 to 99% complete agreement and 100% essential agreement on categories for all antibiotics tested (essential agreement is the agreement obtained when minor discrepancies are ignored). Comparison of categories with the E test and broth microdilution methods, using the broth microdilution method as the reference method, gave only 59% complete agreement for gentamicin, with 28 minor discrepancies and 13 very major discrepancies. Some discrepancies were observed between results from the E test and broth methods for gentamicin, with the broth microdilution and Vitek methods giving higher MICs than the E test and other methods using agar. The most recent NCCLS guidelines for broth dilution testing have reduced the recommended levels of cation supplementation, which may enhance future agreement between results for the aminoglycosides and P. aeruginosa on broth and on agar. We found that the E test offers a simple, labor-efficient, and accurate method for MIC determination on an agar medium.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the Sceptor Pseudomonas Plus MIC Panel with agar dilution for susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 100 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime were determined by using the Sceptor system (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), and the results were compared with those obtained using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference agar dilution method. Excellent correlation was observed for the aminoglycosides, with greater than 95% agreement within 1 doubling dilution of the reference agar dilution MIC, while ticarcillin and piperacillin showed lower percent agreement values of 91 and 88%, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Development of aldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase in mouse eye: evidence for light-induced changes.

We have studied the development of ocular aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities in C57BL/6J inbred male mice. Eyes were removed from freshly killed mice, enucleated, extracted, and analyzed for enzyme activities for animals of various ages during neonatal development, up to the adult stage. Activity levels were compared between mice maintained from birth in either complete darkness or on a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Ocular ALDH activity increased dramatically (greater than 30-fold) during the first 3 weeks of life. Moreover, light-adapted animals showed significantly higher ALDH activities from day 8. Ocular ADH activity also increased during development (greater than 5-fold) although the profile showed a steady increase to reach adult levels. Light-adapted mice showed no significant differences in ADH activity up to the weaning stage, as compared with mice maintained in darkness. These observations support proposals from earlier studies for major functional roles for both corneal ALDH and ADH in protecting the eye against ultraviolet light-induced damage.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1990

The bacteriology of gangrenous and perforated appendicitis--revisited.

By using optimum sampling, transport, and culture techniques in patients with gangrenous or perforated appendicitis, we recovered than has previously been reported. Thirty patients older than 12 years with histologically documented gangrenous or perforated appendicitis had peritoneal fluid, appendiceal tissue, and abscess contents (if present) cultured. Appendiceal tissue was obtained so as to exclude the lumen. A total of 223 anaerobes and 82 aerobic or faculatative bacteria were recovered, an average of 10.2 different organisms per specimen. Twenty-one different genera and more than 40 species were encountered. Bacteroides fragilis group and Escherichia coli were isolated from almost all specimens. Within the B. fragilis group, eight species were represented. Other frequent isolates included Peptostreptococcus (80%), Pseudomonas (40% [P. aeruginosa, 23.3%, other Pseudomonas spp., 16.7%]), B. splanchnicus (40%), B. intermedius (36.7%), and Lactobacillus (36.7%). Interestingly a previously undescribed fastidious gram-negative anaerobic bacillus was isolated from nearly one half of all patients. This organism was found to have low DNA homology (by dot blot) with the known organisms most closely resembling it.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of two single-plate incubation systems and the anaerobic chamber for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

Three systems that are available for the incubation of anaerobic organisms were evaluated to assess their ability to support the growth of 25 anaerobic stock strains and to successfully recover anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. These were the anaerobic chamber, the Anaerobic Pouch System Catalyst-Free (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), and the Bio-Bag Environmental Chamber Type A (Marion Scientific, Div. Marion Laboratories, Inc., Kansas City, Mo.). Three study centers were involved, the Wadsworth Anaerobe Laboratory (Los Angeles, Calif.), the Good Samaritan Hospital (San Jose, Calif.), and the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston). A total of 171 anaerobic organisms were isolated from 49 clinical specimens that were cultured at the three test centers. Of these, 169 (99%) were recovered from media that were incubated in the anaerobic chamber, 163 (95%) were recovered from the Anaerobic Pouch, and 147 (86%) were recovered from the Bio-Bag. A similar trend was seen with the stock strains, in which the anaerobic chamber often supported better growth of the organisms than did either of the bag systems.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1989

Bilophila wadsworthia, gen. nov. and sp. nov., a unique gram-negative anaerobic rod recovered from appendicitis specimens and human faeces.

Strongly catalase-positive Gram-negative anaerobic rods were isolated from approximately half of all intra-abdominal specimens received from patients with gangrenous and perforated appendicitis, and subsequently also from normal faecal specimens. The organism was originally detected on Bacteroides-bile-aesculin (BBE) agar, and grew slowly on non-selective anaerobic media containing blood. It was stimulated by bile and differed from other known genera by being urease- and catalase-positive, and by reducing nitrate. It did not reduce sulphate. Other anaerobic Gram-negative rods showed no homology by DNA dot-blot hybridization. The thermal melting profile of chromosomal DNA showed 39-40 mol% G + C. The whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester profile included cyclic and branched long-chain acids, and differed from those of all other anaerobes that have been tested. beta-Lactamase was not detected. The name Bilophila wadsworthia gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for this organism.

Appendicitis↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of the RapID ANA system as a four-hour method for anaerobe identification.

The RapID ANA system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems Inc., Atlanta, Ga, USA), a 4-hour micromethod for identifying clinically important anaerobic bacteria, was evaluated using 196 anaerobic clinical isolates and the results were compared with those obtained by applying conventional Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI) methodology. The identifications achieved by the RapID ANA system for 141 (72%) of these isolates agreed with the species identifications obtained using VPI methodology, without the need for additional tests. A further 40 (20%) were in agreement after performance of additional suggested tests, 11 (6%) were misidentified and 4 (2%) could not be identified using the RapID ANA system. Excellent agreement between the two methods was demonstrated for the Gram-positive cocci and good agreement for the Gram-negative bacilli. The RapID ANA system was suboptimal in the identification of Clostridium species other than C. perfringens.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1988

Susceptibility of 114 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group to imipenem and eight other antimicrobial agents.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the newer beta-lactam antibiotic, imipenem, were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefotetan, penicillin, amoxycillin, ticarcillin and metronidazole against 114 clinical isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group of anaerobic organisms. The ability of clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, to potentiate the in vitro activity of amoxycillin and ticarcillin was also studied. Using an agar dilution technique we found imipenem to be the most active beta-lactam antibiotic tested having an MIC50 of 0.25 microgram/ml and inhibiting all isolates at a concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. Metronidazole had comparable activity with a MIC50 of 0.5 microgram/ml and all isolates inhibited by 1 microgram/ml. Cefoxitin and cefotetan showed similar activity both with a MIC50 of 8 micrograms/ml against the B. fragilis group, while penicillin, amoxycillin and ticarcillin all had a MIC50 of 16 micrograms/ml. Clavulanic acid significantly reduced the MIC50 of amoxycillin and ticarcillin to 0.5 micrograms/ml and 0.25 micrograms/ml, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Rating reliability for life events and difficulties in the elderly.

The inter-rater reliability of Brown's measure of ongoing difficulties ('severity') is shown to be comparable with that of the measure of life events ('long-term threat') when using data from an elderly subject pool. Test-retest reliabilities for both the life event and difficulty measures are shown to be adequate if based on 'consensus' ratings. The question is raised of generalizability of the concepts of 'threat' and 'severity' across the lifespan.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of selective media for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from clinical material.

Clinical specimens submitted for anaerobic culture to a Melbourne teaching hospital microbiology laboratory were plated onto 3 types of selective media, to determine which would allow the optimal recovery of anaerobic organisms. The 3 media employed were kanamycin agar (KA), neomycin agar (NA) and nalidixic acid-Tween 80 agar (NAT). The highest isolation rate was achieved on NAT, 89% of the total of all anaerobes isolated being recovered on this medium. A recovery rate of 69% was achieved using NA, while use of KA allowed the isolation of only 56% of all strains. The major difference between 3 media was in the recovery of anaerobic Gram-positive cocci, which accounted for 40% of the total isolates on NAT, 25% on NA, and only 11% on KA. The NAT was also more successful in the isolation of Fusobacterium and Veillonella species. The NAT medium failed, however, to recover Clostridium spp. that were isolated on both NA and KA. There was no significant difference between the 3 media in regard to the recovery of Bacteroides spp.

Abscess↗
PubMed1981

Experimental infection of man with rabbit-virulent Treponema paraluis-cuniculi.

Virulent Treponema paraluis-cuniculi was inoculated intradermally into the arm of a human volunteer and into the shaved backs of 10 rabbits. An identical, but heat-killed, preparation was inoculated into the opposite arm of the volunteer as control. A superficial and transient infection developed in the volunteer, shown by a small zone of erythema that persisted for 24 days. The control preparation caused a smaller zone of erythema that disappeared after five days. A very poor immune response was detected by standard serological tests for syphilis. The inoculated rabbits developed lesions about six days after infection and seroconverted by 84 days. The poor antitreponemal antibody response to T paraluis-cuniculi infection in the volunteer suggests that this naturally attenuated treponeme may not be suitable as a vaccine against infection with t pallidum in humans.

Animals↗