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Biomedical subjects

J E Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to J E Anderson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Biologically active gamma-lactones and methylketoalkenes from Lindera benzoin.

Brine shrimp lethality-directed fractionation of the 95% EtOH extract of ripe berries from Lindera benzoin led to the isolation of three new C21 alkane-alkene gamma-lactones designated isolinderanolide, isolinderenolide, and linderanolide as well as the known series of C17 and C19 obtusilactones (isoobtusilactone A, obtusilactone A, isoobtusilactone, and obtusilactone) previously isolated from Lindera obtusiloba. The novel (6Z,9Z,12Z)-pentadecatrien-2-one, the known (6Z,9Z)-pentadecadien-2-one, and the known (+)-(Z)-nerolidol were also isolated as bioactive compounds. The structural elucidation and biological activities of these compounds are reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Bioactive constituents from the twigs of Asimina parviflora.

The EtOH extract of Asimina parviflora (Annonaceae), when subjected to activity-directed fractionation using lethality to brine shrimp, led to the isolation and identification of five bioactive compounds: asimicilone [1], which is a new 2-quinolone alkaloid, 6-cis-docosenamide [2], which is a new amide of a long hydrocarbon chain fatty acid, and three known compounds, asimicin, (+)-syringaresinol, and beta-sitosterol-beta-D- glucopyranoside. The structure determination of the new alkaloid was performed by extensive nmr analyses, including HMQC and HMBC. Selective cytotoxic activities of these compounds in three human solid tumor cell lines are also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Gigantetronenin and gigantrionenin: novel cytotoxic acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus.

Gigantetronenin [1] and gigantrionenin [6], two new monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins each possessing a double bond along the hydrocarbon chain, have been isolated from the bark of Goniothalamus giganteus by the use of brine shrimp lethality for bioactivity-directed fractionation. The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 6 both show selective and potent cytotoxicities to human tumor cells in culture as well as toxicity to brine shrimp. A known cytotoxic acetogenin, annomontacin [11], was also isolated from this plant. The biogenetic pathway of the acetogenins from G. giganteus is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Regression of liver metastases following treatment with yttrium-90 microspheres.

Selective internal radiation (SIR) therapy is a technique developed by our group for concentration of Yttrium-90 microspheres into liver metastases. The technique involves laparotomy, insertion of the catheter into the hepatic artery, redistribution of liver blood flow with vaso-active agents and incremental embolization of Yttrium-90 containing microspheres (SIR spheres) into the liver. Twenty-nine patients with non-resectable liver metastases from primary adenocarcinoma of the large bowel were treated by this technique and followed for a minimum of three months to assess evidence of tumour regression. Response to treatment was measured by serial estimations of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and tumour volumes measured from serial computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the liver. There was a fall in the serum CEA level in all 26 patients in whom the serial estimations of CEA were performed following SIR therapy. The overall mean fall in CEA was 70% of pre-treatment levels with 88% of patients (23 of 26) experiencing more than a 50% fall in pre-treatment CEA levels. In 18 of 22 evaluable patients CT measured tumour volumes decreased following SIR therapy. In 48% of patients (10 of 22 patients) the decrease in tumour volume was more than 50%. SIR therapy results in a high rate of tumour regression in patients with liver metastases secondary to large bowel cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

HIV antibody testing and posttest counseling in the United States: data from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey.

To see how successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing efforts have been in testing the United States population, particularly among those at increased risk for HIV infection, we analyzed data from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey. Twenty percent of the NHIS sample (or, in terms of the general US population, an estimated 36 million persons) reported having been tested for HIV antibodies, mostly through blood donations. Although persons with increased risk of HIV infection had been tested and counseled at a much higher rate than the general population, the majority of this group had not yet been tested.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

Dystrophic changes in mdx muscle regenerating from denervation and devascularization.

The regenerative capacity of young mdx muscle after a denervating and devascularizing injury (DD) was examined in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and compared with that of age-matched control mouse EDL. DD of the right EDL was produced at the age approximating the onset of dystrophy in the mdx model, and mice recovered for 2 weeks. Contralateral unoperated EDLs from mdx and control mice served as internal controls for histopathology, myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and ultrastructure of fiber regeneration in DD-EDL. Mdx DD-EDL were composed of small, uniformly mature myofibers with mostly peripheral nuclei. This contrasted with control DD-EDL in which fibers were centrally nucleated. In addition, the unoperated mdx EDL exhibited the central nucleation of spontaneous recovery from dystrophy. The CSA distribution of mdx DD-EDL myofibers was significantly shifted toward smaller CSA compared with unoperated mdx EDL, although mean CSA did not differ between the two mdx muscle groups. The CSA distribution of control DD-EDL was significantly different and shifted toward smaller CSA from both unoperated control EDL and from mdx DD-EDL distributions. Ultrastructural features of dystrophy were present in both mdx DD-EDL and in the unoperated mdx EDL, although they appeared more prevalent in the latter. These results suggest that short-term plasticity of mdx muscle recovery from imposed injury may be greater than that of normal muscle in establishing a regenerating fiber population.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Muscle regeneration after imposed injury is better in younger than older mdx dystrophic mice.

The ability of a fast-twitch dystrophic muscle to regenerate was compared at two ages to control muscle regeneration. Myofiber growth, and the distribution of nuclei in fibers were used to characterize the muscle regeneration 3 and 6 weeks after injury. In control and mdx muscles, myosatellite cell proliferation was completed by 3 weeks after injury. Mdx muscle regenerated as well as controls, based on similar distribution of myofiber cross sectional area, and the percent of centronucleation, typical of regenerated fibers. In addition, muscle from the younger dystrophic mdx mice grew to unoperated levels with no net change in fiber area distribution, while older muscles did not regenerate as well. There were also more peripheral (satellite cell) nuclei observed in younger mdx muscle than in older muscles, after the most active phase of dystrophy.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Distinctive patterns of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) distribution in degenerating and regenerating areas of dystrophic (mdx) striated muscles.

Mdx mice uniquely recover from degenerative dystrophic lesions by an intense myoproliferative (regenerative) response. To investigate a potential role of endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in injury-repair processes, we investigated its localization in several striated muscles of mdx and control mice using immunofluorescence labeling with specific antibodies. Basic FGF was localized consistently to the myofiber periphery and nuclei of intact myofibers, as well as in single, dystrophin-positive cells in close association with the myofibers (potential myosatellite cells). In mdx mice, actively degenerating skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers presented intense cytoplasmic anti-bFGF staining prior to mononuclear infiltration. Small regenerating fibers in mdx skeletal muscle exhibited greater bFGF accumulation than adjacent larger myofibers. Strong nuclear anti-bFGF immunolabeling was frequently observed in mdx cardiac myocytes at the borders of necrotic regions. In agreement with differences in intensity of immunolabeling, extracts from slow-twitch muscles contained higher levels of bFGF compared to those from fast-twitch muscles, in both control and mdx mice. In addition, bFGF levels were consistently higher in extracts from all mdx tissues compared to those derived from their control counterparts. Our data suggest that bFGF participates in the degenerative and regenerative responses of striated muscle to dystrophic injury and also indicate a potential involvement of this factor with the physiology of different striated muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Alleviation of acute heat stress by food withdrawal or darkness.

1. Growing 33-d-old broiler fowl were exposed to air temperatures of 35 to 40 degrees C for a period of 4 h each day for 5 d. 2. The birds were fed on diets providing widely differing proportions and intakes of energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat. 3. Three lighting and feeding treatments were superimposed on the 4-h heat stress period. The treatments were: LF (control) lights and food throughout, NL (no light) extinguished throughout the hot period, NF (no food) food withdrawn 2 h before the hot period and replaced immediately after it. 4. Diet had no significant effect on rate of increase of rectal temperature (TR) during heat stress. 5. The NL and NF treatments significantly reduced the rate of increase of TR and the TR attained after 4 h of heat exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among high school students in the United States: results from a national survey.

The Secondary School Student Health Risk Survey measured the prevalence of sexual intercourse and illegal drug injection among a national probability sample of U.S. high school students and assessed their HIV-related knowledge and beliefs. Ninety-nine (81%) of the 122 selected schools and 8,098 (83%) of the eligible students participated. Nearly all high school students knew the major modes of HIV transmission. Three percent reported injecting illegal drugs, and 1% reported sharing needles used to inject drugs. In addition, 59% of students reported having sexual intercourse and, of students who reported having sexual intercourse, 40% reported having four or more sexual partners. HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among high school students suggest the need for school-based HIV education programs that help young people acquire the knowledge and skills to adopt and maintain behaviors that reduce risk of HIV infection and other related health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Myotube phospholipid synthesis and sarcolemmal ATPase activity in dystrophic (mdx) mouse muscle.

Phospholipid incorporation of 32P by primary myotube cultures and the tissue activity of sarcolemmal Na+/K(+)-transporting ATPase were studied to determine whether the absence of dystrophin from dystrophic (mdx) muscle would affect membrane lipid synthesis and membrane function. The incorporation of 32P by phospholipid as a ratio with total protein was greater in cultured dystrophic cells compared with control cells. The mdx cells also incorporated more 32P than control cells into phosphatidylethanolamine, which is thought to increase prior to myoblast fusion, and less into phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and lysophosphatidylcholine. There was no difference in total protein content or [3H]leucine or 32P incorporation into the aqueous fraction of dystrophic and control cells, although dystrophic cells incorporated less [35S]methionine into protein than controls. Isolated sarcolemma from mdx skeletal muscle tissue demonstrated a consistently greater specific activity of ouabain-sensitive Na+/K(+)-transporting ATPase than sarcolemmal preparations from control skeletal muscle. These observations suggest that cytoskeletal changes such as dystrophin deficiency may alter the differentiation of membrane composition and function.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

HIV instruction, HIV knowledge, and drug injection among high school students in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of HIV-related behaviors and determinants of these behaviors among adolescents in the United States have not been well studied. METHODS: To determine the prevalence of HIV-related drug behaviors and to assess the effects of HIV-related school-based instruction and HIV knowledge on these behaviors, data were analyzed from a 39-item, self-administered questionnaire completed by a probability sample of all students in grades 9 through 12 in the United States. RESULTS: Usable responses were obtained from 8098 students. Of these, 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3-3.2) and 1.7% (95% CI = 1.3-2.1) reported injecting illicit drugs ever and during the past year, respectively. Corresponding prevalences of needle sharing were 0.8% (95% CI = 0.5-1.1) and 0.5% (95% CI = 0.3-0.7). Regression analysis revealed that students with higher knowledge scores were less likely and males more likely to have ever injected drugs. HIV knowledge was similarly associated with other outcome measures of drug-injection behavior. Although HIV instruction did not directly influence drug-injection behavior independently of demographic characteristics, it was positively associated with HIV knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: While these results do not establish a causal relationship, they suggest that HIV knowledge and school-based instruction may play a role in maintaining low levels of drug-injection behavior among high school students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Surgical complications of pica: report of a case of intestinal obstruction and a review of the literature.

The authors describe a patient with chronic renal failure who developed intestinal obstruction from talcum powder pica. A literature review found 43 previously reported cases of surgical complications caused by various forms of pica. Most occurred in women, blacks, aborigines, children, or the mentally retarded--all groups in whom pica occurs more frequently than the general population. Intestinal obstruction was the most common clinical presentation and the ileum most often the site of obstruction reported at surgery. Perforation with peritonitis was the next most common presentation but three cases of colon perforation were diagnosed only at surgery or postmortem. Mixed pica (paper, plastic bags, cloth, string) seemed more likely to require surgery and to cause perforation. An accurate preoperative diagnosis was made most often when a history of pica was sought, and opacity on abdominal X rays correctly interpreted. These clues to pica as the underlying cause of abdominal complaints should not be neglected in patients who are members of the groups known to be at higher risk of this compulsive eating disorders.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1991

Transfusions shortly before HLA-matched marrow transplantation for leukemia are associated with a decrease in chronic graft-versus-host disease.

The effect of random red cell transfusions given shortly before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was evaluated in 969 leukemic patients transplanted from an HLA-identical sibling donor. Patients were divided into two groups: 501 who received a transfusion shortly before BMT, and 468 who did not. Both groups had a similar incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the recently-transfused group had a significantly lower incidence of chronic GVHD (35.9% vs 48.9%). These differences remained significant in a multivariate analysis of time to chronic GVHD (p = 0.022), taking into account other differences between the two groups and known risk factors for chronic GVHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Seroprevalence rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection at sentinel hospitals in the United States. The Sentinel Hospital Surveillance Group.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: To evaluate the epidemiology of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in selected urban communities in the United States, we instituted active surveillance at sentinel hospitals by anonymous testing of samples of blood specimens for HIV-1 antibody. To reflect better the rates of HIV-1 seroprevalence in the communities served by the sentinel hospitals, we excluded specimens from all patients with diagnoses that are often associated with HIV infection. RESULTS: From January 1988 to June 1989, 89,547 specimens were tested at 26 hospitals in 21 cities. The overall rate of HIV-1 seroprevalence was 1.3 percent, but it ranged from 0.1 to 7.8 percent according to hospital (median, 0.7 percent). The age distribution of persons seropositive for HIV-1 was similar across hospitals and closely paralleled that of persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In areas of low seroprevalence, HIV-1 infections were highly concentrated among men. However, the male-to-female ratio (median, 7.0) decreased steadily with an increasing overall rate of seroprevalence (P less than 0.001); at the five hospitals with the highest rates of seroprevalence, the median male-to-female ratio was only 2.9. The median black-to-white ratio of HIV-1 seroprevalence was 1.8, but at hospitals with low rates of seroprevalence the rates in blacks and whites were nearly equal. At two hospitals in the communities with the highest prevalence of AIDS, 1.1 to 3.8 percent of adolescents 15 to 19 years old and 18 to 22 percent of all men 25 to 44 years old were seropositive for HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS: In these sentinel, urban populations there is tremendous variation in the rate of HIV-1 infection (over 70-fold). The very high seroprevalence at some sentinel hospitals indicates the need for routine screening for HIV-1 infection among some groups of patients, regardless of clinical presentation.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of dystrophin in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles from mdx and dy2J mice at different ages.

Muscles from mdx, control, and dy2J/dy2J mice at different ages were analyzed for dystrophin in an attempt to relate the chronology of the protein expression with the final phenotypes in regenerated, normal, and dystrophic muscle, respectively. Immunostaining and gold staining of electrophoresis gels were carried out in the investigation. At 5, 25, and 219 days of age, control muscles exhibited dystrophin bands in both the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles. Muscles from the mdx mice at comparable ages (8, 28, and 217 days) never exhibited bands for dystrophin, although titin, nebulin, myosin, and other protein bands were present at intensities comparable to those in control muscles. The dystrophin band was present in both the EDL and SOL from dy2J/dy2J dystrophic mice. As indicated by the present study, the dystrophin deficiency from mdx tissue is not transient. This suggests that dystrophin is not necessary for the success of mdx muscle regeneration.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a nursing home: patient characteristics, technique success, and survival predictors.

Forty-four end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients admitted to a nursing home were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The technical feasibility of using CAPD in this setting was demonstrated by an acceptable peritonitis rate (1.3 episodes per patient-year), acute hospitalization rate (18.5 days per patient-year), and only two technique failures. However, 6-month and 12-month survival rates were 53% and 29%, respectively. Survival analysis using the Cox model showed that patients with better functional status on admission measured by activity of daily living scores and who had previously been in an outpatient dialysis program before admission survived longer and were more often discharged.

Activities of Daily Living↗