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Biomedical subjects

J E Craighead

Publications and source records attributed to J E Craighead.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The autopsy. Past, present, and future.

The autopsy appears to be on the way to assuming an increasingly important role in patient care, continuing education, education of medical students and house staff, research in environmental pathology, and more fundamental aspects of disease. This trend needs to be nurtured. Not only pathologists but all physicians need to plan carefully to utilize autopsies to the fullest possible extent. Interest will continue to grow only if autopsies are performed or are closely supervised by highly motivated and experienced pathologists asking critical questions of current medical, scientific, and social concern. New, imaginative approaches are needed to develop the data necessary to address these questions.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Macroscopic pathology of the lungs in Legionnaires' disease.

We used the whole lung section technique to review the macroscopic pathology in 12 patients who died with Legionnaires' disease. None of these patients had been treated with erythromycin. Consolidation was evenly distributed throughout all lobes without a consistent segmental distribution. The smallest lesions were around bronchioles or bounded by lobular septa. In most cases there was confluent involvement of multiple lobules. Extensive consolidation made distinction between a lobar and confluent lobular distribution difficult. Abscesses were present in two cases and nodular infiltrates in two others. In five additional patients, Legionnaires' disease had been treated with erythromycin. Four had a clinical response to treatment, and the fifth had diffuse staphylococcal pneumonia as the predominant lesion. Because the lungs of all five patients contained bacteria other than the Legionnaires' disease bacterium at the time of autopsy, it was difficult to ascertain the role of Legionnaires' disease bacterium in the pathology.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

Ultrastructure of lung in Legionnaires' disease. Observations of three biopsies done during the Vermont epidemic.

Open lung biopsies from three patients with Legionnaires' disease were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The patients had serious underlying disease. All developed a rapidly progressive pneumonia unresponsive to penicillin, oxacillin, and gentamicin. One patient, who received erythromycin, survived. Light microscopy in all three showed severe acute bronchopneumonia. The Legionnaires' disease bacterium was seen in tissue sections and confirmed by direct immunofluorescence. Transmission electron microscopy showed numerous rod-shaped intracellular organisms that were morphologically similar to other gram-negative bacteria and the Rickettsieae. They were within phagolysosomes, free in the cytoplasm, and rarely within structures resembling dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lung tissue changes included marked detachment and necrosis of alveolar pneumocytes, septal and alveolar exudate with lysis, and prominent endothelial cell swelling and degeneration. Capillary and epithelial basement membranes were consistently intact, suggesting that the tissue changes are potentially capable of reverting to normal structure and function.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Biological standards for energy dispersive x-ray analysis.

Biological standards containing known concentrations of crystalline silica were prepared for x-ray energy spectrometry (XES) using homogenized tissue and gelatin. Sections of 7 micrometer thickness were cut, air dried, carbon coated, and analyzed by XES. All sections containing crystalline silica generated x-ray counts on a linear relationship with increasing concentrations of silica in the standards. However, tissue sections containing identical concentrations of silica generated x-ray counts approximately 50 percent lower than gelatin sections. Gelatin sections showed considerable shrinkage during drying which may have influenced x-ray generation. The combined effects of elements present in the biological system and high density of tissues also may have contributed to the lower XES counts. These results stress the importance of using standards identical to specimens undergoing XES analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The pathology of Legionnaires' disease. Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 outbreak in Vermont.

Fourteen fatal cases from the 1977 Vermont outbreak of Legionnaires' disease have been analyzed. Serious underlying diseases were present in all patients. The only consistent lesions were in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia was present in all cases and was confluent in most. No lobe of the lung was preferentially involved and consolidation was usually bilateral. Abscesses were evident macroscopically in only two cases. Microscopically, there was an extensive alveolar infiltrate of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Lysis of the inflammatory cells was frequently present and was associated with an increased number of bacteria. Coagulative necrosis of lung was present in a few cases, and the possibility of a bacterial toxin must be considered. Bacteria were well stained by the Dieterle stain and appeared Gram-negative in tissue imprints from the unfixed lung.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Induction of neoplasms in hamster tracheal grafts with 3-methylcholanthrene-coated Lycra fibers.

Synthetic Lycra spandex fibers were coated with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and inserted into the lumina of 104 tracheas removed from young adult inbred Syrian hamsters. Tumors appeared 3 to 21 months after implantation of these tracheal grafts in syngeneic animals. 3MC in amounts ranging from 9 to 75 microgram/fiber induced a diversity of neoplasms in tracheal epithelium, the majority of which were classified histologically as carcinomas. Tumors failed to develop when smaller amounts of 3MC were used and in control tracheal grafts containing fibers without carcinogen. The use of tracer quantities of [14C]-3MC allowed quantitation of the carcinogen dosage to the mucosa before and at intervals after grafting. These studies demonstrate the dosage-dependent sensitivity of the hamster tracheal epithelium to relatively small quantities of 3MC. The direct application of carcinogens coated on synthetic fibers provides a useful tool for assaying water-insoluble carcinogens.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture.

Organ cultures of hamster trachea were used to study the effects of crocidolite asbestos on the respiratroy epithelium and the uptake of asbestos by cells of the mucosa. International Union Against Cancer (U.I.C.C.) crocidolite was suspended in medium over a range of concentrations and precipitated on the epithelial surface for 1 hour. At intervals during the ensuing 4 weeks, morphologic changes were documented by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxic alterations in differentiated mucosal cells appeared to relate to the amount of crocidolite added to the cultures. Necrosis and desquamation of surface cells were accompanied by basal cell hyperplasia. These proliferating cells phagocytosed the dust and incorporated it into lysosomes. Crocidolite was also found interposed between cells of the hyperplastic basal cell layer. Transport of asbestos particles to the submucosa and uptake by mesenchymal cells was apparent after 1 week.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1976

Interstitial associations of cells lining air spaces in human pulmonary fibrosis.

An ultrastructural study of the cells that line air spaces in human pulmonary fibrosis is reported. Intimate associations between these cells and cellular elements in the interstitium were consistently found in biopsies from 25 cases. Cytoplasmic extensions of cuboidal pneumocytes protruded through discontinuities in the subjacent basement membrane. Attenuated cells having structural properties of fibroblasts were situated on connective tissue that formed the walls of numerous air spaces. In this situation, a basement membrane was not demonstrable. These heretofore undescribed features suggest a dynamic interaction between certain mesenchymal and epithelial elements in the fibrotic lung.

Adult↗