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Biomedical subjects

J E Jones

Publications and source records attributed to J E Jones.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Differential protease, innate immunity, and NF-kappaB induction profiles during lung inflammation induced by subchronic cigarette smoke exposure in mice.

Cigarette smoke exposure is a major determinant of adverse lung health, but the molecular processes underlying its effects on inflammation and immunity remain poorly understood. Therefore, we sought to understand whether inflammatory and host defense determinants are affected during subchronic cigarette smoke exposure. Dose-response and time course studies of lungs from Balb/c mice exposed to smoke generated from 3, 6, and 9 cigarettes/day for 4 days showed macrophage- and S100A8-positive neutrophil-rich inflammation in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and serine protease induction, sustained NF-kappaB translocation and binding, and mucus cell induction but very small numbers of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes. Cigarette smoke had no effect on phospho-Akt but caused a small upregulation of phospho-Erk1/2. Activator protein-1 and phospho-p38 MAPK could not be detected. Quantitative real-time PCR showed upregulation of chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta), leukocyte growth and survival factors [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, CSF-1 receptor], transforming growth factor-beta, matrix-degrading MMP-9 and MMP-12, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, broadly mirroring NF-kappaB activation. No upregulation was observed for MMP-2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and TLRs 3, 4, and 9. In mouse strain comparisons the rank order of susceptibility was Balb/c > C3H/HeJ > 129SvJ > C57BL6. Partition of responses into BAL macrophages vs. lavaged lung strongly implicated macrophages in the inflammatory responses. Strikingly, except for IL-10 and MMP-12, macrophage and lung gene profiles in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice were very similar. The response pattern we observed suggests that subchronic cigarette smoke exposure may be useful to understand pathogenic mechanisms triggered by cigarette smoke in the lungs including inflammation and alteration of host defense.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Skin grafting for venous leg ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Venous leg ulceration is a common and disabling condition which often recurs. It affects up to one in 100 adults at some time. The usual treatments are simple dressings and compression bandages or stockings. Unfortunately, in some cases this treatment is unsuccessful, with ulcers remaining open for months or years. Sometimes skin grafts are used to stimulate healing. These skin grafts may be taken from the patient's own uninjured skin, may be grown from the patient's skin cells into a dressing (autografts), or applied as a sheet of bioengineered skin grown from donor cells (allograft). Preserved skin from other animals, such as pigs, has also been used; these grafts are known as xerografts. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of skin grafts for treating venous leg ulcers. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (June 2004) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of skin grafts in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently undertook data extraction and assessment of study quality. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials of skin grafts for venous leg ulcers were identified, involving 579 participants. The trials were generally of poor methodological quality. In eight trials participants also received compression bandaging. Two trials (98 participants) evaluated split thickness autografts (one against a dressing and one against a xerograft), four trials (119 participants) evaluated cultured keratinocyte grafts (3 allografts and 1 autograft) , two compared tissue engineered skin (bilayer artificial skin) with a dressing (345 participants), and one compared it with a split thickness skin graft (7 participants, 13 ulcers). The trials comparing bilayer artificial skin with a dressing reported a significantly higher proportion of ulcers healing with artificial skin. There was not enough evidence from the other trials to determine whether other types of skin grafting increased the healing of venous ulcers. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that a bilayer artificial skin, used in conjunction with compression bandaging, increases the chance of healing a venous ulcer compared with compression and a simple dressing. Further research is needed to assess whether other forms of skin grafts increase ulcer healing.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy of gastric aspiration in reducing posttonsillectomy vomiting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of postoperative gastric decompression in reducing the incidence and complications associated with vomiting following tonsillectomy. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized controlled study. SETTING: Private office and clinic of a university teaching hospital and research center. PATIENTS: Eighty pediatric patients ranging in age from 22 months to 11 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II, undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were enrolled in the study. Six were excluded from the final analysis, 5 because of failure of the parents to complete and return the data forms and 1 because of postoperative bleeding. Of the 74 patients included in the study, 35 were in the control group and 39 were in the study group. INTERVENTIONS: The 39 patients in the study group underwent postoperative aspiration of gastric contents with an orogastric tube placed under direct visualization while the patient was still under general anesthesia. The 35 patients in the control group did not undergo gastric aspiration following surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of vomiting, the number of episodes of vomiting before and after hospital discharge, the total volume of emesis, the postoperative length of stay, the need for rescue antiemetic prophylaxis, and the number of readmissions to the hospital for persistent vomiting were noted. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference (P<.05) was noted between the control group and the study group for the percentage of patients experiencing vomiting (74% vs 85%), the mean number of episodes of vomiting before (2.6 vs 2.8) and after (0.8 vs 0.7) hospital discharge, the mean volume of emesis (157 mL vs 222 mL), the postoperative length of stay (394 minutes vs 334 minutes), the percentage of patients requiring rescue antiemetics (34% [12 patients] vs 33% [13 patients]), and the percentage of unplanned admissions because of vomiting (9% [3 patients] vs 15% [6 patients]). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that gastric aspiration does not decrease the incidence of vomiting following tonsillectomy.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Effects of naltrexone and CCK on estrous behavior and food intake in Syrian hamsters.

Food deprivation inhibits estrous behavior in several species of rodents, but little is known about the neurotransmitter systems mediating this phenomenon. We determined whether partial blockade of opioid receptors by continuous infusion of naltrexone and/or acute peripheral injection of cholecystokinin (CCK) administration would overcome the suppressive effects of food deprivation on estrous behavior in Syrian hamsters. Contrary to expectation, naltrexone produced a slight suppression of estrous behavior, and systemic CCK administration had no effect. This dose of naltrexone was sufficient to reduce in vivo binding of [(3)H]naloxone in the brain, and both compounds affected other parameters such as food intake and body weight gain. Thus, the doses of CCK and naltrexone that were used were physiologically effective. These findings suggest that neither peripheral CCK nor opioid systems are likely to play a major role in the suppression of hamster estrous behavior by food deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Object naming and semantic knowledge in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Object-naming impairment is common among temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, but other aspects of semantic memory have received limited attention in this population. This study examined object-naming ability and depth of semantic knowledge in healthy controls (n = 29) and patients with early onset TLE (n = 21). After administration of the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the authors asked participants to provide detailed definitions of 6 BNT objects. The TLE group demonstrated a significant deficit relative to controls in both object-naming ability and semantic knowledge for the target objects, even after controlling for IQ. In a multiple regression analysis that included other neuropsychological test scores as independent variables, the semantic knowledge score was the only significant predictor of patients' object-naming performance. Thus, at the group level, early onset TLE patients have a semantic knowledge deficit that contributes to dysnomia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Intra-operative blood salvage in abdominal trauma: a review of 5 years' experience.

We performed a retrospective audit of 1235 patients presenting between 1992 and 1997, following the introduction of intra-operative blood salvage at our hospital. Twenty-two cases of severe abdominal trauma requiring emergency laparotomy and intra-operative blood salvage were identified. The impact of intra-operative blood salvage in aiding resuscitation and reducing demand on allogeneic blood supplies is discussed.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Suppression and recovery of estrous behavior in Syrian hamsters after changes in metabolic fuel availability.

A reduction in the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels inhibits reproduction. Forty-eight hours of metabolic fuel deprivation inhibits estrous behavior in ovariectomized, steroid-treated Syrian hamsters, but little is known about the time course of this inhibition. Likewise, refeeding reverses deprivation-induced suppression, but the rate of recovery has not been examined. In two experiments we determined 1) the rate at which estrous behavior declines in hamsters treated with metabolic inhibitors and 2) how rapidly sexual receptivity is restored when hamsters are refed after a 48-h fast. We also measured circulating levels of leptin and insulin in an attempt to determine their relationship to the inhibition and restoration of estrous behavior. More than 24 h of metabolic inhibitor administration were required to inhibit lordosis, whereas only 6 h of refeeding were sufficient to restore the display of sexual receptivity to normal levels. Neither plasma insulin nor leptin levels paralleled the changes in estrous behavior. We concluded that 1) suppression of estrous behavior occurs more slowly than recovery after a fast and 2) changes in circulating leptin and insulin probably do not have a critical role in these behavioral changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Skin grafting for venous leg ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Venous leg ulceration is a common, recurring, disabling condition affecting up to 1% of adults. Treatment is aimed at healing with simple dressings and compression bandages / stockings. Unfortunately in some cases this treatment is unsuccessful with ulcers remaining open for months or years. In order to stimulate healing, some clinicians use skin grafts. These skin grafts may be taken from the patients own uninjured skin (e.g. thigh), may be grown from the patient's skin cells into a dressing, (both known as autografts) or applied as a sheet of bioengineered skin grown from a donor cells (known as an allograft). Preserved skin from other animals, e.g. pigs, have also been used and these are known as xerografts. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of skin grafts in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Wounds Groups specialised register (date of search October 1999), and reference lists of relevant articles. We hand searched relevant journals and conference proceedings, and contacted experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials evaluating skin grafts in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. There was no restriction on articles based on language or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data extraction and assessment of study quality was undertaken by two reviewers independently. Trials with similar patients, comparisons, and outcomes were pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Seven RCTs of skin grafts for venous leg ulcers were identified. In 6 trials patients also received compression bandaging. Two trials (98 patients) evaluated split thickness autografts, three trials (92 patients) evaluated cultured keratinocyte allografts, one compared tissue engineered skin (artificial skin) with a dressing (309 patients) and one compared it with a split thickness skin graft (7 patients, 13 ulcers). The trials comparing artificial skin with a dressing reported a significantly higher proportion of ulcers healing with artificial skin. There was insufficient evidence from the remaining trials to determine whether other types of skin grafting increased the healing of venous ulcers. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence that artificial skin used in conjunction with compression bandaging, increases the chance of healing a venous ulcer compared to compression alone. Further research is needed to assess whether other forms of skin grafts increase ulcer healing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Postsurgical follow-up of children with tympanostomy tubes: results of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee National Survey.

Postsurgical follow-up of children with tympanostomy tubes is becoming a contentious issue in this era of managed care. Primary care providers believe themselves to be capable of evaluating these children. Otolaryngologists, on the other hand, have more specialized equipment available to them (suction apparatus, otomicroscopes, audiology devices, etc) for treating suppurative infections and monitoring the tympanic membrane for structural changes. In addition, the otolaryngologist is placed in an uncomfortable legal and ethical position if access to the patient with a tube-related complication is denied by the primary care provider. Attempts to develop an American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) policy statement have been hampered by a lack of data on the incidence and severity of tube-related complications and the role that otolaryngologists can play in reducing these sequelae. A survey designed by the AAO-HNS Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee was distributed to 1000 board-certified otolaryngologists and all members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics-Otolaryngology Section regarding current practice patterns and practitioners' experiences with tympanostomy tube complications. Specific information regarding complications that could have been avoided with earlier otolaryngology referral was also obtained. The results of the survey and its implications for AAO-HNS policy are presented.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2000

Geometric rule learning by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana).

Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) were trained to search in a location defined by its geometric relationship to 2 landmarks. Two groups were trained to search at different points along the line connecting the landmarks, and 2 groups were trained to find the 3rd point of a triangle, on the basis of either direction or distance from the landmarks. All groups learned and transferred to new interlandmark distances. However, the constant-distance group learned more slowly, searched less accurately, and showed less transfer than the other 3 groups. When tested with new orientations of the landmarks, the birds tended to follow small but not large rotations. When tested with a single landmark, birds in the half, quarter, and constant-bearing groups searched in the appropriate direction from the landmark, but birds in the distance group did not. These results demonstrate that nutcrackers can learn a variety of geometric principles, that directional information may be weighted more heavily than distance information, and that the birds can use both absolute and relative information about spatial relationships.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Understanding the bariatric surgical patient: a demographic, lifestyle and psychological profile.

BACKGROUND: Although improved recently, the public is generally unaware of current scientific knowledge in bariatrics and the availability of surgery for massive obesity. As bariatric professionals we recognize the need for this education. Understanding the patientís socio-economic, demographic and psychological make-up and lifestyle preferences is a crucial element. METHODS: 1200 obesity surgery patients were sent questionnaires to assess a variety of personal parameters. 395 (33%) were returned and tabulated. A literature review of the obese person's psychological profile was also summarized. RESULTS: An overview of these patients' height, weight, age, ethnicity, marital, educational and employment status, number of children, residential population, and income are presented. Their television and movie viewing, radio listening, social event participation, print media and Internet habits are described. The psychological profile is outlined so that the whole person is understood. CONCLUSION: Understanding the obese person is primary to effectively educating the public. There are many appropriate and much-needed applications of this information to the public, the obese population, other health-care providers, legislators, and insurers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pyogenic granuloma (pregnancy tumor) of the nasal cavity. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Pyogenic granuloma is a benign lesion of unknown etiology that occurs in the skin and mucous membranes. It has been reported as a common lesion of the oral cavity and, less commonly, the nasal cavity. Although its etiology is unclear, pyogenic granuloma has long been associated with pregnancy, oral contraceptives and trauma. The term pregnancy tumor has been used to reflect the association with pregnancy; nevertheless, pyogenic granuloma is often misdiagnosed in obstetric patients. CASE: We present the case of a 37-year-old, pregnant woman with an enlarging nasal mass ultimately diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma. The patient was treated successfully with endoscopic excision of the lesion. CONCLUSION: Pyogenic granuloma is a rapidly growing lesion that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any gravid patient with a mass in the oral or nasal cavity. The lesion may result in complications of the pregnancy, and management should be individualized for each patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Tissue- and cell type-specific expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and cytochrome P450 1A2 mRNA in the mouse localized in situ hybridization.

We used in situ hybridization to examine organ- and cell type-specific constitutive and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA expression in various tissues of the C57BL/6N mouse. In situ hybridization was carried out 10 hr after the mice had received intraperitoneal 3MC, or vehicle alone. We detected levels of 3MC-induced CYP1A1 mRNA in: liver (centrilobular, more so than periportal, regions); lung (Clara Type II cells much more than Type I epithelial cells); brain, especially endothelial cells lining the vascular surface of the choroid plexus; the digestive tract (duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon > esophagus > stomach--in particular, the villous epithelium, plus cells surrounding glands in the lamina propria); renal corpuscles of the kidney; the ovary (medulla more so than cortex); and the endothelial cells of blood vessels throughout the animal. Constitutive CYP1A1 mRNA was not detectable by in situ hybridization in any of these tissues. In contrast, constitutive CYP1A2 mRNA was measurable in liver, and 3MC-inducible CYP1A2 mRNA was observed only in liver, lung, and duodenum (having cell-type locations similar to those of CYP1A1); the other above-mentioned tissues were negative for CYP1A2 mRNA. These data demonstrate the striking differences in tissue- and cell type-specific expression between the two members of the mouse Cypla subfamily. Because of the ubiquitous nature of 3MC-inducible CYP1A1 throughout the animal rather than just "portals of entry," these results support our hypothesis that CYP1A1, induced by particular endogenous signals in various tissues and cell types, might participate in one or more critical life processes--in addition to its well-established role of metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons, certain drugs, and other environmental pollutants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Adult diseases in children.

The classic teaching in performance and interpretation of diagnostic studies is that "children are not small adults." The purpose of this article is to show a spectrum of "adult" disease entities that can occur, but are not usually considered in the pediatric population: cricopharyngeal achalasia, Schatzki's ring, achalasia, Helicobacter pylori, pancreatic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the colon, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, malignant melanoma, hydatidiform mole, renal cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma of the ovary and sarcoidosis. Radiologists interpreting pediatric imaging should recognize these entities and perform an appropriate diagnostic workup.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Why children with inflammatory bowel disease are diagnosed at a younger age than their affected parent.

BACKGROUND: Genetic anticipation has been proposed to explain observed age differences at diagnosis of Crohn's disease in affected parents and offspring. AIMS: To compare affected parent-child pairs with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with a control group of non-familial patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to quantify whether ascertainment bias could account for this effect. METHODS: 137 affected parent-child pairs from 96 families and 214 patients with sporadic IBD were studied. Age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were ascertained by interview and disease confirmed from clinical records. RESULTS: Of the 137 affected parent-child pairs, 50 had Crohn's disease only, 51 had ulcerative colitis only, and in 36, one had Crohn's disease and the other ulcerative colitis. The median age of parents at diagnosis was 17.5 years older, 16 years older, and 18 years older in the Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and mixed disease families respectively (p<0.001 in each case). These observed age differences were compatible with those predicted from the regression lines of years of birth against age at diagnosis for the non-familial IBD patients. No evidence was found for an effect of parental sex on age at diagnosis or disease extent in offspring. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of genetic anticipation or genomic imprinting of age at diagnosis in this sample of IBD families. Ascertainment bias is responsible for the age differences at diagnosis between affected parents and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sodium, potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity is impaired in the guinea pig pancreatic duct system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

In patients with type I diabetes mellitus, clinical studies have demonstrated decreased secretion of pancreatic juice by the pancreatic excretory duct system. The cause of this decrease is unknown, but could involve changes in initial signal transduction pathways or one or more of the electrolyte transport components that subserve regulated fluid secretion. We have compared responsiveness to secretin in pancreatic ducts isolated from healthy and diabetic Hartley guinea pigs and also have compared the expression of CFTR and Na+, K(+)-ATPase in these two groups, as the activities of these two proteins are essential for secretion of pancreatic juice. The increases in cyclic AMP levels evoked by exposure to either 0.1 nM or 0.1 microM secretin were not significantly different in pancreatic ducts isolated from healthy and diabetic guinea pigs nor were levels of CFTR or Na+, K(+)-ATPase expression. By contrast, Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity in pancreatic ducts isolated from diabetic guinea pigs was decreased by 70%, suggesting a change in the enzyme's catalytic properties in the diabetic tissues. The observed decrease would be expected to seriously compromise the production of pancreatic juice.

Animals↗