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Biomedical subjects

J E Wold

Publications and source records attributed to J E Wold.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Randomised controlled general practice trial of sertraline, exposure therapy and combined treatment in generalised social phobia.

BACKGROUND: No controlled trial of treatment of generalised social phobia has been conducted in general practice. AIMS: To examine the efficacy of sertraline or exposure therapy, administered alone or in combination in this setting. METHOD: Study was of a randomised, double-blind design. Patients (n = 387) received sertraline 50-150 mg or placebo for 24 weeks. Patients were additionally randomised to exposure therapy or general medical care. RESULTS: Sertraline-treated patients were significantly more improved than non-sertraline-treated patients (chi(2)=12.53, P<0.001; odds ratio=0.534; 95% Cl 0.347-0.835). No significant difference was observed between exposure- and non-exposure-treated patients (chi(2)=2.18, P=0.140; odds ratio=0.732; 95% Cl 0.475-1.134). In the pairwise comparisons, combined sertraline and exposure (chi(2)=12.32; P<0.001) and sertraline (chi(2)=10.13; P=0.002) were significantly superior to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Sertraline is an effective treatment for generalised social phobia. Combined treatment with sertraline and exposure therapy, conducted by the general practitioner, may enhance the treatment efficacy in primary care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The treatment of social phobia in general practice. is exposure therapy feasible?

BACKGROUND: Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for generalized social phobia. Most patients with social phobia are treated in primary care, but family doctors are not usually trained to perform exposure therapy. We have conducted a study in primary care of the effect of exposure therapy alone or in combination with sertraline on generalized social phobia. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to describe the training of GPs and the application of the treatment programme in general practice. METHOD: Forty-five GPs were trained for approximately 30 h in assessing patients with social phobia and conducting exposure therapy. The training programme included scoring of videotaped interviews of five patients on several social phobia scales, and a videotape demonstrating different steps of an exposure therapy was used as a model for role play in group training. RESULTS: All of the GPs completed the training programme. The doctors expressed satisfaction with the programme and also found it useful in the treatment of patients with conditions other than social phobia. There was a significant difference in response between the treatment groups (P = 0.001), and the combination of exposure therapy and sertraline seemed to be particularly beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Baccalaureate student gerontological nursing experiences: raising consciousness levels and affecting attitudes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate perceived learning and attitude changes of nursing students (n = 144) toward care of the elderly population as a result of a senior capstone course in gerontological nursing. Theory content emphasized maximizing individual capabilities of the elderly and quality of life. Clinical placements occurred in a variety of community and institutional settings, with a wide spectrum of elderly. Student attitudes were assessed using researcher-designed tools for quantitative and qualitative outcome measurements. Significant improvements in student attitudes were found (p < 001). Community-based settings provided significantly more positive experiences (p < .05) compared with institutional care. Qualitative findings revealed students gained positive awareness plus growth in professional abilities. We conclude that a senior capstone course with multi-site, independent, innovative projects can produce positive attitudes and heightened consciousness regarding gerontological nursing. Other nurse educators can benefit from these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Baccalaureate student nurse success prediction: a replication.

The use of group testing that predicts success in understanding and using the nursing process suggests a tempting solution to a vexing problem: selecting those students from an applicant pool who have the potential to successfully complete a nursing program. Failure to replicate or extend previous studies has been recognized as a major limitation in nursing research (Brown, Tanner, & Padrick, 1984). The purpose of this research was to replicate a study using a set of four short test instruments identified as being successful predictors (Kissinger & Munjas, 1982). As part of a larger research project, four successive classes of students admitted to the school of nursing (N = 155) were tested and followed over a 4 1/2-year period with 100% participation. The results were not supportive of the findings in the previous study. The importance of cross validation of prediction studies, as well as the need for periodic sampling of previously validated prediction batteries due to changing elements in selection programs, was demonstrated. The study's outcome and the nursing literature suggest that some configuration of prerequisite grade point average, with all of its limitations and student manipulations, and a required verbal SAT/ACT score may still be the most efficient predictors available to admission committees in schools of nursing.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Group decision making: teaching the process--an introductory Guided Design project.

The Guided Design experience gives students excellent grounding in the decision-making process and knowledge of a decision-making language that will serve them well in all group decision-making contexts. The detailed component analysis, constraint identifications and the who, what, when, where, why and how questions applied to information gathering and analysis are simple terms, easily understood. The steps are applicable to problems needing a cause identification, solve process, and for anticipating potential problems. The process can be taught early in the curriculum and utilized throughout with special re-emphasis in leadership and management classes. The strength of the described unit lies in the provision of an introductory, nonthreatening classroom opportunity for practice in the use of decision-making language and an experience with the process using familiar content. The students experience the complexity of group decision making and the interesting variety of solutions possible for each complex problem. Like the Guided Design process, the projects used are improved with each successive experience. Student and colleague feedback provides the challenge.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1981

In vivo high-affinity uptake and axonal transport of D-[2,3-3H]aspartate in excitatory neurons.

D-[2,3-3H]aspartate ([3H]D-Asp) at microM concentrations in Krebs' solution was infused intracerebrally in rats, mice and hamsters. Neuropil sites in the hippocampal formation, septum and neostriatum, known to receive excitatory nerve inputs with glutamate and aspartate as putative transmitters, showed strong autoradiographic labeling after intraventricular infusions. There was evidence for retrograde axonal transport to pyramidal cell bodies in hippocampus CA3 and neocortex. Infusions into the hilus fasciae dentatae led to anterograde axonal transport of [3H]D-Asp in the mossy fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus): VI. Afferents from the cerebellum.

Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the superior, in the Deiters', in the medial, and in the descending vestibular nuclei in the hen, labeled cells are found in lateral longitudinal zones in the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex, most numerously in the anterior lobe, the nodulus, the uvula, and the auricle. Furthermore, labeled cells are found bilaterally in the ventral parts of the medial and intermediate cerebellar nuclei. Lesions in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe and in anterior parts of the posterior lobe result in terminal degeneration, mainly in the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, but also scantily, in peripheral regions of the superior nucleus, the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the ventrolateral part of the medial nucleus and, mainly medially, in the descending nucleus. Lesions in the posterior part of the uvula, in the nodulus, and in the auricle result in much denser degeneration, most heavily affecting the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, but also affecting peripheral regions of the superior nucleus, the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the entire descending and medial nuclei, and the tangential nucleus. Lesions in the medial cerebellar nucleus result in degeneration bilaterally in the vestibular complex, most heavily affecting the nucleus Deiters ventralis and cell group B, but also affecting peripheral regions of the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus- mainly in dorsomedial regions, lateral and caudal parts of the descending nucleus and, very scantily, in the nucleus Deiters dorsalis. The findings are discussed in the light of the data concerning the organization of the cerebellovestibular projections in mammals and the known connections of the vestibular nuclei in birds.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1979

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus).

Stereotaxic injections of small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are made in the vestibular complex in the hen and the labelled cells due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme are studied, especially in the vestibular complex but also in other parts of the brain stem. The superior vestibular nucleus sends commissural fibres to the superior, medial, and descending nuclei and to Deiters' complex. The cell group A projects to the contralateral superior nucleus and to the Deiter's complex. The medial nucleus projects to the contralateral superior and descending nuclei, Deiters' complex, as well as strongly to the medial nucleus. The descending nucleus projects commissurally to the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus and the Deiters' complex, as well as heavily to the descending nucleus. The nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the cell group B and the trangential nucleus do not project to any other vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, the medial nucleus projects to the superior and descending nuclei and the Deiters' complex on the same side. The descending nucleus projects to the superior and medial nuclei on the same side. Finally, the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus, the descending nucleus, and the Deiters' compelx receive fibres from the ipsilateral nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the nucleus ectomammillaris, as well as bilaterally from the pontine but mainly from the bulbar reticular formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). VII.--Afferents from the spinal cord.

Lesions of different parts of the spinal cord at different levels in the hen have been made and the resulting degeneration in the vestibular complex has been studied in silver impregnated sections. Spinovestibular fibres originate from cervical as well as lumbosacral levels of the cord and run in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus. The spinovestibular fibres from all levels of the spinal cord terminate ipsilaterally in the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the medial nucleus and rostrally in the descending nucleus. The spinovestibular fibres terminating in the above nuclei are few in number while spinovestibular fibres terminating bilaterally in the caudal part of the descending nucleus are much more abundant. In a few cases HRP injections in the vestibular complex resulted in labelled cells in upper cervical segments of the spinal cord localized in lamina VII. The findings are discussed in the light of data concerning the spinovestibular pathway in mammals.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1978

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) III. Ascending projections to the mesencephalic eye motor nuclei.

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase in the oculomotor and the trochlear nuclei in the hen, the occurrence of labeled cells was plotted in the vestibular nuclei. The majority of labeled cells was localized in the superior, the medial, and the tangential nucleus. Within the superior nucleus the cells were found mainly caudally, extending medially and ventrally in central areas. In the medial nucleus labeled cells were localized exclusively in its rostral half, mainly in ventrolateral regions. Most, if not all, cells in the nucleus tangentialis project rostrally. In addition, rostrally projecting vestibular cells were found in the cell group A and the rostrolateral part of the descending nucleus. The projection to the oculomotor nuclear complex is from the superior nucleus and the cell group A bilateral but chiefly ipsilateral, from the medial nucleus bilateral, from the tangential nucleus and the rostral pole of the descending nucleus chiefly contralateral. Massive labeling was found in the abducens nucleus, somewhat less in the reticular formation, mainly in the lateral regions of the medial part at the level of the abducens and facial nuclei. Labeled cells were, in addition, found in the deep layers of the optic tectum, and scattered cells in the nucleus raphe. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the organization of the vestibular nuclei in the hen and the rostral projection of the vestibular nuclei in mammals.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1978

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). IV. The projection to the spinal cord.

Horseradish peroxidase was injected at various levels of the spinal cord of the hen and the cells in the brain stem, labeled due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme, were mapped with particular reference to the vestibular nuclear complex. The Deiters' nuclei project ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. The projection from the nucleus Deiters ventralis reaches down to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The spinal projection from the nucleus Deiters dorsalis is somatotopically organized. Cells localized rostrally within the nucleus project to upper parts of the spinal cord cells localized caudally project to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The medial and the descending nucleus contain labeled cells in two compartments of the nuclei. In each of them a rostral one projects to the upper cervical cord, a caudal one projects to the thoracical spinal cord. In addition, labeled cells are observed in the reticular formation, mainly in the pons and the medulla oblongata, in the red nucleus, in the raphe nuclei and in the periaqueductal grey. Very few labeled cells are observed in the locus ceruleus, the nucleus intercalatus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In some cases, the number of labeled cells in the various nuclei in the brain stem projecting to the spinal cord was counted to get an impression of the quantitative importance of the vestibulospinal projection relative to afferents to the spinal cord from the other nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the vestibulospinal projection in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). I. Normal anatomy.

The topography and the cyto- and fiber architecture of the vestibular nuclear complex in the domestic hen are described as seen in transverse and horizontal thionine and myelin impregnated section. The subdivision of the nuclear complex arrived at from these studies is discussed the light of some experimental studies of the fiber connection of the vestibular nuclei in birds and compared with the well known organization of the vestibular nuclei in mammals. Six main vestibular nuclei are identified, the superior nucleus, the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the tangential nucleus, the medial nucleus and the descending nucleus. In addition two cell groups (the cell group A and B) lying in close relation to the other nuclei are described and considered as parts of the vestibular complex. The map of the vestibular complex arrived at is largely in agreement with the maps presented by most earlier authors on other species. Furthermore, it appears that the organization of the vestibular complex in birds is more similar to the organization of the complex in mammals than hitherto recognized.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). II. Primary afferents.

Lesions of the vestibular ganglion in the domestic hen have been made by mechanical damage and thermocoagulation, and the resulting degeneration of the proximal vestibular nerve fibers has been studied in Fink-Heimer9, Nauta18 and Eager8 sections of the brain stem. The vestibular nerve fibers were found to terminate within central regions of the superior nucleus, in the cell group A, the nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus tangentialis, the cell group B, the dorsomedial part of the medial nucleus and the descending nucleus. The nucleus Deiter dorsalis does not receive vestibular nerve afferents. The findings are discussed in the light of the structural organization and physiology of the vestibular nuclear complex in birds and compared with the organization of the nuclear complex in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The distribution of primary afferents to the cochlear nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus).

The normal anatomy of the three cochlear nuclei in the hen, the nucleus laminaris, the nucleus angularis and the nucleus magnocellularis is described. Following lesions of the cochlear nerve, all three nuclei are shown to receive primary cochlear fibers (silver impregnation methods). The part of nucleus laminaris which consists of a ventral convex sheet of cells is shown to receive cochlear nerve fibers from both ears, the nerve fibers from the ipsilateral ear terminating dorsal to the cell sheet while contralateral nerve fibers terminate ventral to the nerve cells. The cochlear ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus laminaris are apparently situated in other parts of the ganglion that the cells projecting to the nucleus angularis and magnocellularis. The findings are discussed in the light of known data on the organization and function of the cochlear nuclei in birds.

Animals↗