Hyperreactivity to histamine in the jejunum of veal calves with diarrhoea.
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Animal Feed↗
Biomedical subjects
J E van Dijk
Publications and source records attributed to J E van Dijk.
Determination of concentrations by time domain fitting of proton NMR echo signals using prior knowledge.
A fast and flexible time domain iterative fitting procedure that can be used to fit free induction decays as well as echo-like signals is described. Damping constants of the first and second part of the echo do not have to be identical. Prior knowledge can be used to diminish the number of parameters to be fitted, which results in an improved accuracy. It is shown how prior knowledge is mathematically incorporated in the Gauss-Newton method. From proton NMR measurements of model solutions actual prior knowledge is extracted. With this knowledge relative concentrations are determined from a mixture of metabolites. The fitted results agree with the true values within the margins of the noise. After some minor changes the same prior knowledge was successfully used to analyze a series of in vivo rat brain measurements.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
Malignant fibrous histiocytomas in dogs and cats: an immunohistochemical study.
Immunohistochemical staining was performed on seven canine and 10 feline soft tissue tumours histologically diagnosed as malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) or MFH-like tumours, and eight other histologically specified tumours (non-MFH). This was done to determine if commercially available antibodies that are used routinely in human diagnostic pathology for MFHs would express the same immunohistochemical patterns in canine and feline MFHs and MFH-like tumours. The antibodies were directed against human alpha 1-anti-trypsin (AT), human alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin (ACT), human lysozyme, bovine S-100 protein and human desmin. AT did not show any immunoreactivity in the tissues investigated. Except for one MFH, all canine MFHs and other soft tissue tumours with a 'histiocytic' character stained for lysozyme and not for S-100. Six out of seven canine MFHs and MFH-like tumours stained positive for desmin as did most non-MFH sarcomas. Most of the canine and feline MFHs and MFH-like tumours were positive for ACT. These findings for ACT staining in canine and feline MFHs and MFH-like tumours are in agreement with the findings in human MFHs. The immunohistochemical results of canine MFHs and MFH-like tumours were different from those in cats. Feline MFHs differed from canine MFHs for both lysozyme and desmin staining.
Animals↗
Thickening of the glycocalyx during methotrexate induced small intestinal mucosal atrophy in the rat.
In this study, the morphology of the glycocalyx of small intestinal enterocytes in the rat was investigated after the induction of mucosal atrophy by methotrexate (MTX) in 18 Wistar rats. On the 2nd, 4th and 6th day after the intraperitoneal administration of MTX, a group of 6 rats was sacrificed and tissue specimens taken at the level of the Treitz' ligament were post fixed in a mixture of 2.0% watery osmiumtetroxide and 1.5% potassium-ferrocyanide to enhance visibility of glycoconjugates and processed for electron microscopy. In the control rats, the glycocalyx was hardly visible on the villous enterocytes, but rather conspicuous on the enterocytes in the crypts. On the second day after injection of MTX, the glycocalyx of the villous enterocytes was more pronounced but on the crypt enterocytes it resembled that of control animals. On the 4th day after MTX administration, a striking reduction and shortening of microvilli of villous enterocytes was seen, together with very pronounced glycocalyces, while crypt cells possessed well developed cell coats. On the 6th day after the injection of MTX, the glycocalyx of both villous and crypt cells appeared almost normal again.
Animals↗
Virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 strains in newborn germfree pigs depends on phenotype.
To determine whether the virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 is associated with the phenotype of the strain, we infected newborn germfree pigs with 10 strains of S. suis type 2 categorized by three phenotypes. In an earlier study, the phenotypes were distinguished by the presence or absence of the muramidase-released protein (MRP) and an extracellular factor (EF) and were designated MRP+ EF+, MRP+ EF- and MRP- EF-. Pigs were first inoculated with Bordetella bronchiseptica to predispose them to infection and were then intranasally inoculated with the streptococci. Strains of the MRP+ EF+ phenotype induced fever and increased the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in blood. Specific clinical signs of disease such as nervous disorders and lameness were also observed. At necropsy bacteriologic and pathologic examination disclosed meningoencephalitis, polyserositis, and polyarthritis. Strains of the MRP+ EF- phenotype induced only nonspecific clinical signs of disease such as recumbency, lack of appetite, and fever; only slight pathologic changes were detected in the serosae. The four strains of the MRP- EF- phenotype induced no signs of disease. These findings indicate that the 110-kDa EF and, to a lesser degree, the 136-kDa MRP may be associated with the virulence of the bacterium. The results demonstrated that S. suis type 2 strains producing both MRP and EF are pathogenic for pigs.
Animals↗
Thyroid albumin originates from blood.
Iodoalbumin has been found in the goiter of Dutch goats with a thyroglobulin synthesis defect. Immunohistochemical studies showed that in the goiter the percentage of follicles containing albumin was higher than that in normal thyroid glands. In the albumin-containing follicles of normal and goitrous glands, transferrin and immunoglobulin G could be found. Also, between the epithelial cells, serum proteins were detected. These results indicate intercellular passage of serum proteins. After in vivo labeling with 125I, goiter slices were incubated with [3H] leucine. Purified 125I-containing albumin did not contain [3H]leucine, while thyroglobulin antigens were double labeled. Cyanogen bromide treatment of albumin out of the goiter and of serum albumin gave comparable cleavage patterns, indicating that no great differences in amino acid composition, especially methionine, exist. In total RNA from goiter, no albumin mRNA could be detected after blotting and hybridization with goat albumin cDNA. Also, the polymerase chain reaction method with albumin DNA primers was unable to detect any albumin mRNA in normal and goitrous glands of goats. From these results we conclude that "thyralbumin" originates from blood and is not synthesized by the thyroid gland.
Animals↗
Intestinal permeability in pigs during rotavirus infection.
Macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in four 3-week-old gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with porcine rotavirus strain RV277 (group A). Pigs were administered 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight [mol wt], 40,000) orally 1 day before and 2 and 24 hours after virus inoculation, and blood samples were obtained every 6 hours. Eight hours after rotavirus inoculation, pigs had watery diarrhea. Increased permeation of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone was not observed after clinical signs of infection had developed. Serum total protein and urea nitrogen concentrations increased slightly at the end of the study, probably as a consequence of dehydration. Differences in blood glucose concentration were not seen. At 48 hours after viral inoculation, macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (mol wt, 40,000) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the ligamentum colicoduodenale. After an incubation period of 20 minutes, small segments of jejunum were obtained for stereomicroscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural investigations. Moderate hyperregenerative villus atrophy was found. Ultrastructural changes of the villus epithelium were minor, and increased macromolecular permeation was not observed.
Animals↗
The role of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) in the epidemiology of bovine infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo.
Control of leptospirosis in cattle depends on the presence of other possible maintenance hosts, with which cattle may have contact. Twenty-seven common voles (Microtus arvalis) were trapped on a dairy farm where the cattle were infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (hardjo). In the sera of 11 voles, titres greater than or equal to 100 against serogroup Grippotyphosa were measured with the microscopical agglutination test (MAT). From 8 of these 11 voles, which also showed interstitial lymphoplasmacellular nephritis, Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was isolated. We found no evidence that the common vole is a maintenance host for hardjo in this biotope.
Agglutination Tests↗
A localized in vivo detection method for lactate using zero quantum coherence techniques.
A method is described to selectively measure lactate in vivo using proton zero quantum coherence techniques. The signal from lipids is eliminated. A surface coil and additionally slice selective localization are used. The resulting spectra demonstrate the good performance of the method.
Animals↗
Pathological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes caused by Lelystad virus in experimentally induced infections of mystery swine disease (synonym: porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS)).
The pathogenicity and pathogenesis of Lelystad virus was studied in six 6-day-old SPF piglets. A third passage of the agent was propagated on porcine alveolar macrophages and intranasally inoculated into pigs. Pigs were killed at hours 24, 48, 60, and 72, and on days 6 and 8 after inoculation. From day 2 on pigs developed diffuse interstitial pneumonia with focal areas of catarrhal pneumonia, and from this day on splenic red pulp macrophages were enlarged and vacuolated. Lelystad virus was re-isolated from the lungs of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Lelystad virus antigens were detected by immunohistochemical techniques in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells, and in spleen cells of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Ultrastructural examination of tissues by electron microscopy revealed degenerating alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells in lungs and nasal mucosa, with excessive vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Although the respiratory tract seems to be the target organ for this virus, macrophages in other organs, such as the spleen, can also be infected. This preference for macrophages may impair immunological defences.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
The biology and pathobiology of the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte: a review of the literature.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent a population of lymphocytes situated in the epithelial layer of all mucosae. In this report their biological and pathobiological features, with emphasis on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, are reviewed.
Animals↗
Intestinal permeability in piglets during transmissible gastroenteritis.
Macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in seven three-week-old piglets infected with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE-strain Miller). Fourteen hours after the infection, the piglets showed loss of appetite and a profuse diarrhoea. In some animals vomiting occurred somewhat earlier. Macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (MW = 40,000 Da) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the Treitz' ligament in two piglets at 12 hours and in five piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation in comparison with two control piglets. After a period of 20 minutes, small segments of jejunum were taken for stereomicro-scopical, histological and ultrastructural investigations. An increased permeability for HRP together with a severe, hyper-regenerative villous atrophy was observed in the TGE-infected piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation.
Animals↗
Circulating thyroglobulin measurements by homologous radioimmunoassay in dogs with thyroid carcinoma.
Circulating thyroglobulin was measured in 20 dogs with thyroid cancer, using a homologous polyclonal radioimmunoassay. Plasma Tg levels exceeded the normal range in 14 (70%) dogs, and ranged from 6 to 2902 micrograms/l (median 608). Plasma Tg levels tended to decrease from follicular carcinomas to solid-follicular carcinomas, to solid carcinomas (p less than 0.05). Plasma Tg levels were also higher in scintigraphically hot tumours than in cold ones. Other relationships between circulating Tg and clinical, pathological, and functional parameters were not found, except a poor (R = 0.49) but significant (p = 0.04) correlation between Tg and T4 levels. Plasma Tg was measured before surgery and at least once during follow-up, in 9 dogs. After hemithyroidectomy, a decrease was observed in 8 dogs. In 7 of these 8 dogs, plasma Tg levels declined within the reference range at the first postoperative sample. In the ninth dog, where metastases were detected 14 months after surgical treatment, plasma Tg slightly increased, yet within normal range. It is concluded that measurement of plasma Tg levels might be useful for monitoring the postoperative course of the disease in individual dogs with thyroid cancer.
Adenoma↗
Congenital hypothyroidism in two cats due to defective organification: data suggesting loosely anchored thyroperoxidase.
Two cats with congenital hypothyroidism are described. In vivo discharge of accumulated labelled iodide by perchlorate administration revealed defective organification of iodide, which was complete in one cat and partial in the other. In the cat with the partial organification defect, thyroid tissue was obtained for biochemical studies. No membrane-bound peroxidase activity could be demonstrated. The activity was found in the 100,000 x g supernatant. It is suggested that the loose enzyme anchoring caused decreased availability of peroxidase and as a consequence reduced capacity for organic binding of trapped iodide.
Animals↗
[Changes in the histochemical composition of mucins in goblet cells in the course of a Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat].
Rats were infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and changes in the histochemical composition of mucins in jejunal goblet cells were investigated. Ten days after infection, mitotic activity was extensively in jejunal crypts: both crypts and villi were characterised by hyperplasia of goblet cells. Infected rats had a markedly greater number of crypt and villi goblet cells containing neutral mucin than the control rats did. Moreover, 15 days after infection, infected rats had significantly more goblet cells containing acid mucin than control rats did. In infected rats, the acid mucins in goblet cells (day 15) appeared to be predominantly sulphomucins, whereas in control rats the acid mucins were predominantly sialomucins. The experiments established that when N. brasiliensis is excreted by rats, the histochemical composition of mucins in crypt and villi goblet cells has been changed not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively.
Animals↗
QUALITY: quantification improvement by converting lineshapes to the Lorentzian type.
A method of time domain deconvolution, QUALITY, is described for general use in quantitative NMR spectroscopy. By division of the experimental NMR time domain signal by a reference signal, which may be obtained either in a separate experiment or via inverse Fourier transformation of an isolated single resonance in the experimental spectrum, perfect Lorentzian lineshapes can be obtained regardless of the magnetic field inhomogeneity. Experiments, both in vivo using a surface coil and in vitro using a surface coil and a HR NMR probe, show excellent performance of the method.
Humans↗
Comparison of a levamisole sustained-release bolus and ivermectin treatment to prevent bovine lungworm infection.
The efficacy of a levamisole sustained-release bolus to prevent parasitic bronchitis in calves in their first grazing season was compared to ivermectin treatment at three, eight and thirteen weeks after turn out. Contamination of the pasture was established by experimentally infected seeder calves. Twenty calves were split into two groups. Ten calves of one group received a bolus at the start of the experiment. In the other group the calves were treated with ivermectin at 21, 56 and 91 days. Two principal calves from each group were killed during the experiment to study histopathological changes. Pairs of tracer calves were introduced on both pastures at intervals of four weeks throughout the grazing period. The permanent calves were challenged with lungworm larvae at housing and slaughtered four weeks later. Both systems prevented parasitic bronchitis. Larval output was completely reduced in the ivermectin-treated calves while all bolus-treated calves excreted larvae at certain times. The highest group average was 4 larvae per gram faeces. Eosinophilia, ELISA-titres and histopathological changes confirmed the differences in larval uptake. Challenge infection was not successful in either group and no worms were found at slaughter. Weight gain was significantly different at housing in favour of the ivermectin-treated calves, but after challenge this was reduced due to a higher weight gain in the bolus-treated calves. The practical consequences of the results have been discussed.
Animals↗
Intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol 4000 and porcine albumin in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus.
The intestinal permeability of specific pathogen free piglets has been studied by measuring the concentration of 14C in the blood after oral administration of 14C polyethylene glycol (14C PEG, MW = 4000) and the concentration of 131I in the faeces after intraperitoneal administration of 131I porcine albumin (131I PA, MW = 68,000). The tests were performed one day before and up to two days after the piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus. Jejunal biopsies were taken from two piglets before the experimental infection, from two piglets 12 h after the experimental infection and from five piglets at the end of the experiment, 46 h after infection. Blood samples were taken six-hourly and faecal samples several times. Some piglets vomited before diarrhoea and loss of appetite started at 14 h after infection; the packed cell volume decreased before but increased after infection. Morphological examination showed hyperregenerative villous atrophy at 46 h after infection. There was no increase in the permeation of 14C PEG but there was a significant increase in the flux of 131I PA from the blood to the gut lumen.
Administration, Oral↗