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J F Hunt

Publications and source records attributed to J F Hunt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Crystal structures of the MJ1267 ATP binding cassette reveal an induced-fit effect at the ATPase active site of an ABC transporter.

BACKGROUND: ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitously distributed transmembrane solute pumps that play a causative role in numerous diseases. Previous structures have defined the fold of the ABC and established the flexibility of its alpha-helical subdomain. But the nature of the mechanical changes that occur at each step of the chemical ATPase cycle have not been defined. RESULTS: Crystal structures were determined of the MJ1267 ABC from Methanococcus jannaschii in Mg-ADP-bound and nucleotide-free forms. Comparison of these structures reveals an induced-fit effect at the active site likely to be a consequence of nucleotide binding. In the Mg-ADP-bound structure, the loop following the Walker B moves toward the Walker A (P-loop) coupled to backbone conformational changes in the intervening "H-loop", which contains an invariant histidine. These changes affect the region believed to mediate intercassette interaction in the ABC transporter complex. Comparison of the Mg-ADP-bound structure of MJ1267 to the ATP-bound structure of HisP suggests that an outward rotation of the alpha-helical subdomain is coupled to the loss of a molecular contact between the gamma-phosphate of ATP and an invariant glutamine in a segment connecting this subdomain to the core of the cassette. CONCLUSIONS: The induced-fit effect and rotation of the alpha-helical subdomain may play a role in controlling the nucleotide-dependent change in cassette-cassette interaction affinity believed to represent the power-stroke of ABC transporters. Outward rotation of the alpha-helical subdomain also likely facilitates Mg-ADP release after hydrolysis. The MJ1267 structures therefore define features of the nucleotide-dependent conformational changes that drive transmembrane transport in ABC transporters.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2001

The crystal structure of the MJ0796 ATP-binding cassette. Implications for the structural consequences of ATP hydrolysis in the active site of an ABC transporter.

The crystal structure of the MJ0796 ATP-binding cassette, a member of the o228/LolD transporter family, has been determined at 2.7-A resolution with MgADP bound at its active site. Comparing this structure with that of the ATP-bound form of the HisP ATP-binding cassette (Hung, L. W., Wang, I. X., Nikaido, K., Liu, P. Q., Ames, G. F., and Kim, S. H. (1998) Nature 396, 703-707) shows a 5-A withdrawal of a phylogenetically invariant glutamine residue from contact with the gamma-phosphate of ATP in the active site. This glutamine is located in a protein segment that links the rigid F(1)-type ATP-binding core of the enzyme to an ABC transporter-specific alpha-helical subdomain that moves substantially away from the active site in the MgADP-bound structure of MJ0796 compared with the ATP-bound structure of HisP. A similar conformational effect is observed in the MgADP-bound structure of MJ1267 (Karpowich, N., et al. (2001) Structure, in press), establishing the withdrawal of the glutamine and the coupled outward rotation of the alpha-helical subdomain as consistent consequences of gamma-phosphate release from the active site of the transporter. Considering this subdomain movement in the context of a leading model for the physiological dimer of cassettes present in ABC transporters indicates that it produces a modest mechanical change that is likely to play a role in facilitating nucleotide exchange out of the ATPase active site. Finally, it is noteworthy that one of the intersubunit packing interactions in the MJ0796 crystal involves antiparallel beta-type hydrogen bonding interactions between the outermost beta-strands in the two core beta-sheets, leading to their fusion into a single extended beta-sheet, a type of structural interaction that has been proposed to play a role in mediating the aggregation of beta-sheet-containing proteins.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2001

Protein solubility and folding monitored in vivo by structural complementation of a genetic marker protein.

Protein misfolding is the basis of a number of human diseases and presents an obstacle to the production of soluble recombinant proteins. We present a general method to assess the solubility and folding of proteins in vivo. The basis of this assay is structural complementation between the alpha- and omega- fragments of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Fusions of the alpha-fragment to the C terminus of target proteins with widely varying in vivo folding yield and/or solubility levels, including the Alzheimer's amyloid beta (A beta) peptide and a non-amyloidogenic mutant thereof, reveal an unambiguous correlation between beta-gal activity and the solubility/folding of the target. Thus, structural complementation provides a means of monitoring protein solubility/misfolding in vivo, and should find utility in the screening for compounds that influence the pathological consequences of these processes.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
PubMed2001

Conformational stabilization and crystallization of the SecA translocation ATPase from Bacillus subtilis.

SecA is the peripheral membrane-associated subunit of the enzyme complex 'preprotein translocase' which assists the selective transport of presecretory proteins into and across bacterial membranes. The SecA protein acts as the molecular motor that drives the translocation of presecretory proteins through the membrane in a stepwise fashion concomitant with large conformational changes accompanying its own membrane insertion/retraction reaction cycle coupled to ATPase activity. The high flexibility of SecA causes a dynamic conformational heterogeneity which presents a barrier to growth of crystals of high diffraction quality. As shown by fluorescence spectroscopy, the T(m) of the endothermic transition of cytosolic SecA from Bacillus subtilis is shifted to higher temperatures in the presence of 30% glycerol, indicating stabilization of the protein in its compact membrane-retracted conformational state. High glycerol concentrations are also necessary to obtain three-dimensional crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis, suggesting that stabilization of the conformational dynamics of SecA may be required for effective crystallization. The SecA crystals grow as hexagonal bipyramids in the trigonal space group P3(1)12; they possess unit-cell parameters a = 130.8, b = 130.8, c = 150.4 A at 100 K and diffract X-rays to approximately 2.70 A using a high-flux synchrotron-radiation source.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2000

Endogenous airway acidification. Implications for asthma pathophysiology.

Airway concentrations of many reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are high in asthma. The stability and bioactivities of these species are pH-dependent; however, the pH of the airway during acute asthma has not previously been studied. As with gastric and urinary acidification, asthmatic airway acidification could be expected dramatically to alter the concentrations and bioactivities/cytotoxicities of endogenous nitrogen oxides. Here, we demonstrate that the pH of deaerated exhaled airway vapor condensate is over two log orders lower in patients with acute asthma (5.23 +/- 0.21, n = 22) than in control subjects (7.65 +/- 0.20, n = 19, p < 0. 001) and normalizes with corticosteroid therapy. Values are highly reproducible, unaffected by salivary or therapeutic artifact, and identical to samples taken directly from the lower airway. Further, at these low pH values, the endogenous airway compound, nitrite, is converted to nitric oxide (NO) in quantities sufficient largely to account for the concentrations of NO in asthmatic expired air, and eosinophils undergo accelerated necrosis. We speculate that airway pH may be an important determinant of expired NO concentration and airway inflammation, and suggest that regulation of airway pH has a previously unsuspected role in asthma pathophysiology.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1997

A biophysical study of integral membrane protein folding.

In order to characterize the thermodynamic constraints on the process of integral membrane protein folding and assembly, we have conducted a biophysical dissection of the structure of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), a prototypical alpha-helical integral membrane protein. Seven polypeptides were synthesized, corresponding to each of the seven transmembrane alpha-helices in BR, and the structure of each individual polypeptide was characterized in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles. Five of the seven polypeptides form stable transmembrane alpha-helices in isolation from the remainder of the tertiary structure of BR. However, using our reconstitution protocols, the polypeptide corresponding to the F helix in BR does not form any stable secondary structure in reconstituted vesicles, and the polypeptide corresponding to the G helix forms a hyperstable beta-sheet structure with its strands oriented perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. [The polypeptide corresponding to the C helix spontaneously equilibrates in a pH-dependent manner between a transmembrane alpha-helical conformation, a peripherally bound nonhelical conformation, and a fully water soluble conformation; the conformational properties of this polypeptide are the subject of the accompanying paper: Hunt et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 15177-15192.] Our observations suggest that the folding of alpha-helical integral membrane proteins may proceed spontaneously. However, the preference for a non-native conformation exhibited by two of the polypeptides suggests that the formation of some transmembrane substructures could require external constraints such as the links between the helices, interactions with the rest of the protein, or the involvement of cellular chaperones or translocases. Our results also suggest a strategy for improving the thermodynamic stability of alpha-helical integral membrane proteins, a goal that could facilitate attempts to overexpress and/or refold them.

Amides↗
PubMed1997

Spontaneous, pH-dependent membrane insertion of a transbilayer alpha-helix.

A question of fundamental importance concerning the biosynthesis of integral membrane proteins is whether transmembrane secondary structure can insert spontaneously into a lipid bilayer. It has proven to be difficult to address this issue experimentally because of the poor solubility in aqueous solution of peptides and proteins containing these extremely hydrophobic sequences. We have identified a system in which the kinetics and thermodynamics of alpha-helix insertion into lipid bilayers can be studied systematically and quantitatively using simple spectroscopic assays. Specifically, we have discovered that a 36-residue polypeptide containing the sequence of the C-helix of the integral membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin exhibits significant solubility in aqueous buffers free of both detergents and denaturants. This helix contains two aspartic acid residues in the membrane-spanning region. At neutral pH, the peptide associates with lipid bilayers in a nonhelical and presumably peripheral conformation. With a pKa of 6.0, the peptide inserts into the bilayer as a transbilayer alpha-helix. The insertion reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature and is fully reversible.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of the aggregation state of integral membrane proteins in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles using small angle neutron scattering.

The assessment of the physical size of integral membrane protein complexes has generally been limited to samples solubilized in non-ionic detergent, a process which may introduce artifacts of unknown scope and severity. A system has been developed that allows observation of the small angle scattering profile of an integral membrane protein while incorporated in small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Contrast matching of isotopically substituted phospholipid eliminates the contribution of the bilayer to the observed scattering, resulting in a profile dependent only on the structure of the individual membrane protein complexes and their spatial arrangement in the vesicle. After appropriate compensation for their spatial arrangement, information about the molecular mass and radius of gyration of the individual complexes can be obtained. The validity of the approach has been established using monomeric bacteriorhodopsin as a model system.

Bacteriorhodopsins↗
PubMed1997

Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 10 stimulates bone resorption: a potential contributory factor in Pott's disease.

Pott's disease (spinal tuberculosis), a condition characterized by massive resorption of the spinal vertebrae, is one of the most striking pathologies resulting from local infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt; Boachie-Adjei, O., and R.G. Squillante. 1996. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 27:95-103). The pathogenesis of Pott's disease is not established. Here we report for the first time that a protein, identified by a monoclonal antibody to be the Mt heat shock protein (Baird, P.N., L.M. Hall, and A.R.M. Coates. 1989. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:931-939) chaperonin (cpn) 10, is responsible for the osteolytic activity of this bacterium. Recombinant Mt cpn10 is a potent stimulator of bone resorption in bone explant cultures and induces osteoclast recruitment, while inhibiting the proliferation of an osteoblast bone-forming cell line. Furthermore, we have found that synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences within the flexible loop and sequence 65-70 of Mt cpn10 may comprise a single conformational unit which encompasses its potent bone-resorbing activity. Our findings suggest that Mt cpn10 may be a valuable pharmacological target for the clinical therapy of vertebral tuberculosis and possibly other bone diseases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Structural adaptations in the specialized bacteriophage T4 co-chaperonin Gp31 expand the size of the Anfinsen cage.

The Gp31 protein from bacteriophage T4 functionally substitutes for the bacterial co-chaperonin GroES in assisted protein folding reactions both in vitro and in vivo. But Gp31 is required for the folding and/or assembly of the T4 major capsid protein Gp23, and this requirement cannot be satisfied by GroES. The 2.3 A crystal structure of Gp31 shows that its tertiary and quaternary structures are similar to those of GroES despite the existence of only 14% sequence identity between the two proteins. However, Gp31 shows a series of structural adaptations which will increase the size and the hydrophilicity of the "Anfinsen cage," the enclosed cavity within the GroEL/GroES complex that is the location of the chaperonin-assisted protein folding reaction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

A connected set algorithm for the identification of spatially contiguous regions in crystallographic envelopes.

A simple algorithm is described for the identification of spatially contiguous regions in crystallographic envelopes. In a single pass through the grid points of the envelope map, the occupied points are assigned to a series of locally contiguous sets based on consideration of the connections within single voxels. A spatially contiguous region is identified as the union of all of the locally contiguous sets that share an element in common. Therefore, chains of spatial connectivity are traced implicitly by performing simple set operations. This algorithm has been implemented in the program CNCTDENV as part of the DEMON/ANGEL suite of density-modification programs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The crystal structure of the GroES co-chaperonin at 2.8 A resolution.

The GroES heptamer forms a dome, approximately 75 A in diameter and 30 A high, with an 8 A orifice in the centre of its roof. The 'mobile loop' segment, previously identified as a GroEL binding determinant, is disordered in the crystal structure in six subunits; the single well-ordered copy extends from the bottom outer rim of the GroES dome, suggesting that the cavity within the dome is continuous with the polypeptide binding chamber of GroEL in the chaperonin complex.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Glycophorin A dimerization is driven by specific interactions between transmembrane alpha-helices.

Specific side-by-side interactions between transmembrane alpha-helices may be important in the assembly and function of integral membrane proteins. We describe a system for the genetic and biophysical analysis of these interactions. The transmembrane alpha-helical domain of interest is fused to the C-terminus of staphylococcal nuclease. The resulting chimera can be expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and is readily purified. In our initial application we study the single transmembrane alpha-helix of human glycophorin A (GpA), thought to mediate the SDS-stable dimerization of this protein. The resulting chimera forms a dimer in SDS, which is disrupted upon addition of a peptide corresponding to the transmembrane domain of GpA. Deletion mutagenesis has been used to delineate the minimum transmembrane domain sufficient for this behavior. Site-specific mutagenesis shows that a methionine residue, previously implicated as a potential interfacial residue, can be replaced with other hydrophobic residues without disrupting dimerization. By contrast, rather conservative substitutions at a valine on a different face of the alpha-helix disrupt dimerization, suggesting a high degree of specificity in the helix-helix interactions. This approach allows the interface between interacting helices to be defined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Effects of signal sequence mutations on the kinetics of alkaline phosphatase export to the periplasm in Escherichia coli.

We isolated a collection of mutants defective in the export of alkaline phosphatase to the periplasm. Two classes of mutants were obtained: one class with lesions unlinked to the phoA gene and a second class harboring linked mutations. Among the former class, one mutant is cold sensitive for growth and may be defective in a component of the Escherichia coli secretory apparatus. Included in the latter class are 47 mutants which are characterized in detail in this report. To facilitate DNA sequence analysis of these mutants, we devised a convenient method that relies on homologous recombination in vivo to transfer phoA mutations from the bacterial chromosome directly onto the genome of a single-stranded M13 phage vector. DNA sequence analysis revealed that our collection of mutants comprises six unique mutations, all of which reside in the phoA signal sequence coding region and lend further support to the notion that the length of the hydrophobic core of the signal sequence is crucial for its function in protein export. Kinetic studies showed that in these mutants, the small fraction of alkaline phosphatase which succeeds in reaching a periplasmic location, despite a defective signal sequence, is translocated across the membrane in a slow, posttranslational fashion.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗