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Biomedical subjects

J G Ingham

Publications and source records attributed to J G Ingham.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Affective disorders among women in the general population and among those referred to psychiatrists. Clinical features and demographic correlates.

In a study comparing depressive disorders detected in a field survey (n = 90) with patients referred to a specialist treatment setting (n = 63), the clinical features and demographic correlates of 'cases' of affective disorders proved to be similar. However, those in treatment settings appeared to have more people achieving definite case status. Hospital-referred cases were also more likely than community cases to be older and single, and this difference persisted even after controlling for chronicity of symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Hospital-treated and general-population morbidity from affective disorders. Comparison of prevalence and inception rates.

In this study, we compare the rates of psychiatric disorders found among women in a random sample of the general population with those of patients referred to specialist services. Both these groups were drawn from the same geographical area. The ratio of prevalence rates is less than the ratio between inception rates in the two groups. When only those with affective disorders were considered, the results revealed that the point prevalence in the treated-disorders group was only 1% of the community-group prevalence, while the inception into care in the former group was nearly 6% of that in the latter. Single women and older women were over-represented in the hospital sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Self-appraisal, anxiety and depression in women. A prospective enquiry.

Depressive illness is known to be associated with low self-evaluation, but it has been suggested that there may be a reciprocal connection as well, such that low self-appraisal (in the absence of illness) makes the subsequent onset of depression more likely. A prospective study, using a community sample of 376 women, provided data about clinical state over a period of 18 months, and self-appraisal questionnaire scores were determined on two occasions separated by 6 months. There was no evidence that low self-evaluation predicted future episodes of depressive illness, except in women who reported previous psychological episodes for which they had sought medical help, and, even for those with previous episodes, much of the predictive power of low self-esteem was accounted for by individuals who were subsequently recognised to have been in the early stages of illness. Conversely, there was little evidence that prior episodes predicted future illness in people with high self-esteem. One explanation of the findings is that recurrent episodes of illness cause progressive impairment of self-appraisal, but other possibilities are also considered. Women who had recovered from illnesses detected at the first interview still had significantly less self-confidence 6 months later than those who were well throughout.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Self-referral to primary care: symptoms and social factors.

Previous analyses of data obtained from a comparative study of Health Centre consulters and controls have indicated that the influence of social and demographic factors upon consulting behaviour is slight compared with that of symptom severity. However, the samples were very heterogeneous and some variables may be influential for certain sub-groups but not for others. Subjects were classified according to whether they thought their symptoms were caused by internal physical, external physical or psychological factors. For all groups the likelihood of consultation was highest for those who said they had no idea what caused their ill-health and for those who thought it had an internal physical cause. A significant interaction between marital status and attributed cause showed that the reduced likelihood of consultation amongst women living in a stable relationship with husband or cohabitee, did not apply to those who attributed their symptoms to an external physical cause. Changes in patients' concepts of causation following the consultation with their doctor supported the idea that the GP often succeeds in reassuring patients who cannot understand their symptoms or who, without reason, fear they may be suffering from serious physical illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Self-esteem, vulnerability and psychiatric disorder in the community.

One hypothesis concerning the nature of the link between negative self-appraisal and certain psychological disorders is that low self-esteem may be a consequence of both early and current experiences, and may predispose to breakdown. An alternative view is that the negative self-concept is only to be found in the presence of illness, which is the primary cause. Results are reported from a community survey, confirming the influence of certain biographical factors on self-esteem in the absence of illness, whereas other factors appear to operate only after the onset of illness. Anxiety as well as depression, has effects on self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The epidemiology of life events and long-term difficulties, with some reflections on the concept of independence.

A total of 576 women aged 18-65, drawn from an area in Edinburgh, were interviewed. Data on life events and long-term difficulties over a six-month period prior to interview were gathered and classified according to area of life, the Bedford system, the Edinburgh system, and the independence of the event or difficulty from the subject's own actions. The highest rates of Bedford system 'provoking' situations were found in the working class, among those not employed, among women with three or more children under 14, and in the separated, divorced, widowed or cohabitating group. Similar findings emerged for hopeless situations involving choice or loss. Dependent situations were four times more common in the youngest group than the oldest, and showed a high rate among those divorced, separated, widowed, or cohabiting. It is suggested that both dependent and independent life situations should be studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Neurosis divisible?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1985

Dimensions of experience and symptomatology.

Six characteristics of life events and difficulties, namely loss (L), threat (T), anti-social act (A), hopeless situation (H), uncertain outcome (U) and choice of action (C), were used to score life situations experienced by 1060 adults over three months. Certain patterns of these, together with the respondents' sex, close and more superficial support discriminated significantly between subjects who had: depression the predominant symptom, anxiety predominant, tiredness predominant, backache predominant, none of these reaching pathological level. A hierarchy emerged from depression down through anxiety to tiredness and backache such that more severe life situations were associated with symptoms higher up the hierarchy. Situations with both choice of action (C) and loss (L) tended to be associated with depression. Anxiety related situations were mainly those containing threat (T) and at least two other characteristics. Tiredness went with situations characterised purely as CUH or CH or UH, and backache with minor situations containing only one characteristic. Lack of close confidant was most associated with depression; being a woman was associated with tiredness and anxiety equally and lack of superficial support with anxiety and depression equally. A parallel was drawn with Finlay-Jones and Brown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Maladaptive coping reactions to stress. A study of illness inception.

Eleven ways in which people might react to life stress were studied in a sample of 576 Edinburgh women. For each item the subjects were asked whether they had reacted that way in general in the past 6 months and whether they had reacted in that way in response to any specific life stresses they had experienced. Being angry with oneself, being angry with others, rumination, use of alcohol, and use of tobacco all discriminated between those who were well and those who were psychiatrically ill at first interview and these items were formed into a 6-point scale of maladaptive reaction, based largely on specific response. The researchers conducted a follow-up analysis of 306 women who were well at first interview, 35 of whom suffered a psychiatric illness episode (23 depression, 12 anxiety) within the subsequent year. Maladaptive reaction at interview one predicted later illness inception, even after taking life stress into account. Several extraneous variables were considered, none of which could explain this effect. Maladaptive reaction seemed sometimes to lead to illness even when there was only minimal later life stress. Attempts to find coping reactions which afford protection against illness inception were unsuccessful.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Self-referral: social and demographic determinants of consulting behaviour.

This report, which is one of a series, is concerned with socio-demographic correlates of self-referral, and the extent to which the observed associations can be explained by variations in symptom prevalence and severity. Social class, marital status, employment status, and distance from health centre, all show small but significant associations with self-referral. For social class the effect appears to be mediated by symptoms. People in social classes IV and V, women who are widowed, divorced or separated, and people who live near the health centre are more likely to visit their general practitioner.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Dimensions of experience.

Life-event data for a 3-month period were collected for 1058 adults. Six ways of categorizing life events and difficulties were analysed: namely, loss (L), threat (T), anti-social act (A), hopeless situation (H), uncertainty of outcome (U), and choice of action (C). Reliabilities were moderate to good. The number and the pattern of characteristics within a single event or difficulty were found to be the most important elements in predicting a depression score criterion. Two patterns were particularly predictive: CH present in an event or difficulty, and LH present with U absent. Approximately 21.9% of the depression score variance may be explained using life events together with the respondent's social class, sex and social support. This represents a significant improvement over prediction based solely on the scoring methods of Brown & Harris (1978).

Anxiety↗
PubMed1983

Psychiatric disorder in women from an Edinburgh community: associations with demographic factors.

The prevalence of psychiatric disorder was determined according to alternative diagnostic criteria in a random sample of 576 women from an Edinburgh community. Whichever diagnostic system was applied, significantly higher rates of disorder were found among the working class, the unemployed and women who were divorced, widowed, separated or cohabiting; in the subgroup of women who met all these conditions, up to half were found to satisfy the diagnostic criteria. The observed prevalence estimates can be explained as the effects of each demographic factor acting independently, no interaction effects being needed. Our results are discussed in relation to the findings of others, and in terms of the statistical issues involved.

Adolescent↗