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Biomedical subjects

J G Lane

Publications and source records attributed to J G Lane.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Long-term retrospective study of 52 horses with sinunasal cysts.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The spectrum of clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management and prognosis in cases of sinunasal cysts (SNCs) requires more extensive study. Despite the extensive nature of SNCs, the prognosis for afflicted horses appears to have improved since earlier studies were conducted. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate prognosis and cosmetic outcome of surgical ablation in 52 cases of SNCs. METHODS: Fifty-two case records (1982-2005) of horses affected with SNCs were retrieved from the archives. Subject details, clinical signs, diagnostic techniques, surgical management and post surgical complications were extracted. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted to assess the results of treatment. RESULTS: There was no biphasic age distribution. The major presenting signs in descending order of frequency were facial swelling, mucopurulent nasal discharge, nasal airflow obstruction and abnormal respiratory noise. Common endoscopic findings included narrowed nasal meati, a cyst in the nasal cavity and a cyst visible caudal to the nasal septum viewed from the contralateral unaffected nasal meatus. Typical radiological signs included a discrete mass in the sinunasal region, a diffuse increase in opacity over the sinunasal region, free fluid lines, nasal septal deviation, expansion of the ventral conchal sinus and distortion of dental apices. Cyst extirpation using an osteoplastic flap provided a successful outcome. Forty-five of 48 horses showed complete resolution of clinical signs after subtotal or total extirpation of the cyst wall. Follow-up information was not available for the other 3 horses. Thirty-nine of 45 horses had a good to fair cosmetic appearance, judged to be good in 26 horses, fair in 13 and poor in 6. Results confirmed that the prognosis for full recovery has improved since a previous report of 15 cases. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Equine sinunasal cysts may arise in horses of any age; presenting signs should alert clinicians to their likely presence. A discrete well-circumscribed mass found during radiographic examination provides supporting evidence of a cyst. The vivid yellow, translucent, seromucoid fluid aspirated from cysts is characteristic of the condition.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 1: observations during high-speed treadmill endoscopy of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY AND OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of single and complex forms of dynamic airway obstructions within a large group of Thoroughbred horses in training referred for investigation of poor performance. METHODS: Video-endoscopic recordings of the upper respiratory tract made during a standardised treadmill exercise test of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed and analysed in real time and slow motion to identify dynamic collapse by the tissues bordering onto the pharyngeal and laryngeal airways. RESULTS: Dynamic collapse within the nasopharynx or larynx was confirmed in 471 of the 600 horses. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP; 50%) and palatal instability (33%) were the disorders most frequently identified. It was concluded that deglutition is not a significant event in the triggering of DDSP. Complex forms of dynamic collapse were present in 30% of the horses with upper respiratory tract obstructions. A significant influence of age on the prevalence of DDSP and dynamic laryngeal collapse was identified. There was an increased risk of DDSP in younger horses, and of laryngeal collapse in older horses. No association with gender or format of racing was identified. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Palatal instability and DDSP comprised the most frequently encountered forms of dynamic collapse within the upper respiratory tract of the Thoroughbred racehorses in this study and are probably expressions of the same nasopharyngeal malfunction. Complex obstructions, i.e. where more than one structure collapses into the airway, occur frequently and therefore treatments that address solitary disorders may often be unsuccessful. Younger horses were found to be at greater risk of sustaining DDSP while older horses seemed more at risk to vocal cord collapse but not to collapse of the arytenoid cartilage itself.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 2: comparison of endoscopic findings at rest and during high-speed treadmill exercise of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The reliability of diagnoses of obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract (URT) based on examinations performed at rest vs. at exercise is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare diagnosis of URT by endoscopy at rest with that achieved during high-speed treadmill exercise (HSTE). HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopy of URT at rest, when performed in isolation from other simpler techniques is unreliable in the prediction of dynamic respiratory obstructions. METHODS: Endoscopic findings of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses during quiet breathing were compared with findings during high-speed treadmill exercise. Other parameters were also assessed for their specificity in diagnosis. RESULTS: Endoscopy of the resting horse showed low sensitivity (0.15) in the diagnosis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) and palatal instability (PI). When endoscopy and reported noises were taken together there was still a 35% misdiagnosis rate. Although there was significant association between resting laryngeal function score (LFS) and dynamic vocal cord and/or arytenoid cartilage collapse at exercise, 19% of horses with a grade 4/5 LFS were able to attain and maintain full abduction during exercise and 7% of those with 'normal' grades 1 or 2 LFS at rest showed dynamic laryngeal collapse when exerted. Sensitivity of the diagnostic model was greatly increased (80%) when a history of inspiratory noise and palpable intrinsic muscle atrophy were included. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract of static horses is unreliable in the diagnosis of dynamic obstructions of the URT and should not be used in isolation in surgical decision-making or in the assessment of horses at the time of sale.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Modified frontonasal sinus flap surgery in standing horses: surgical findings and outcomes of 60 cases.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Previous studies of sinus surgery on standing horses have been based on techniques which utilise powered hand bone saws and preserve the bone flap, which was thought to be essential for a good cosmetic result. This report describes a simplified technique applied to the standing horse where the sinus flap construction used a large skull trephine and where the bone flap is necessarily discarded. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the modified standing frontonasal flap (SFF) surgery offers an effective method to investigate and/or treat sinunasal disorders in the horse. METHODS: The case records of 60 horses subjected to modified SFF surgery were reviewed to analyse the efficacy of the technique when applied to a range of sinunasal disorders in terms of diagnosis, surgical findings, complications and long-term outcomes, including cosmetic effect. RESULTS: Resolution of clinical signs was achieved in 54 out of 60 horses, and for the remainder the SFF technique proved useful on a diagnostic basis. The cosmetic result was, in the opinion of the owners, excellent or satisfactory in 48 of 56 (86%) horses. CONCLUSIONS: The modified SFF technique was found to be practicable and provided satisfactory exposure of the sinus contents for diagnosis and removal of diseased tissue in a range of disorders. An acceptable cosmetic result can be obtained in the majority of horses despite rejection of the disc of overlying bone. Apart from avoiding the risks associated with general anaesthesia, the advantages of the modified SFF sugery are: a reduction of haemorrhage in the standing horse; reduced mucosal engorgement; straightforward anatomical orientation; a comfortable working height; and reduced surgery time. A sound knowledge of the functional anatomy of the area is a prerequisite before embarking on any form of sinunasal surgery. Complications are infrequent and usually transient. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The modified SFF technique is a valuable alternative to other invasive methods of sinunasal surgery.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed2005

Supernumerary cheek teeth (n = 24): clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 15 horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There are few reports of case series of horses with supernumerary cheek teeth (SCT) that document clinical findings, treatment and long-term outcome. OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings and responses to different treatments in horses with SCT. METHODS: The case records of 15 horses were reviewed and long-term outcomes obtained by telephone interview. RESULTS: Fifteen horses with a total of 24 SCT were identified. Two SCT were incidental findings and were not treated. Clinical signs were improved or resolved in 11 of 13 of the teeth treated conservatively and all 6 treated by extraction had a favourable outcome. Four horses were subjected to euthanasia within a short period of diagnosis, either due to a poor prognosis at the outset or failure to respond to initial conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Some SCT are chance findings and do not cause clinical signs. In those instances where clinical signs of dental disease are mild, conservative treatment including the management of diastema and reduction of overgrowths is often effective. Horses with severe clinical signs attributable to an SCT are likely to require extraction of the offending tooth. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: An SCT is an uncommon dental anomaly but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases with signs of severe dental disease. The preferred management for SCT is very variable and determined by the severity of the associated changes, but ranges from conservative measures through forceps extraction per os to major facial flap surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of the efficacy of composite surgery for the treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in a group of 53 racing Thoroughbreds (1990-1996).

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There has been no objectively assessed case-control study of the efficacy of surgery to correct dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) previously reported. HYPOTHESIS: Composite surgery has a beneficial result on racing performance in horses affected with DDSP as compared to a matched control population. METHODS: Race records were obtained for 53 racing Thoroughbreds which underwent composite staphylectomy, sternothyrohyoideus myectomy and ventriculectomy for correction of idiopathic DDSP at the University of Bristol between 1990 and 1996. Each surgical case was matched for age, sex and training yard with 2 control horses. The racing performance, based on prize money won, of surgical cases and control horses were compared for 3 races run before and after the date of surgery. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of the surgical cases returned to racing after surgery. There was a significant increase in earnings of the surgical group before and after surgery (P = 0.011), but there was no significant difference in earnings of the control group before and after the date of surgery (P = 0335). Sixty percent of the surgical group had higher earnings after surgery than before, compared to 40% of controls. When horses which underwent surgery were ranked relative to their 2 matched controls, surgical cases did not significantly change in rank (P = 033), whereas control horses significantly decreased in rank (P = 0.012). Additionally, horses within the surgical group were more likely (P < 0.01) to start in 3 post operative races than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Composite surgery had a beneficial effect on racing performance of horses afflicted with idiopathic DDSP, and further studies to evaluate objectively the usefulness of other surgical techniques are warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Spectral analysis of respiratory noise in horses with upper airway disorders.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: It has long been recognised that the production of abnormal respiratory sounds by horses during exercise is frequently associated with upper airway obstructions. Respiratory acoustic measurements have shown promise in investigation of upper airway disorders in man and, more recently, in horses with experimentally-induced obstructions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sounds from exercising horses with naturally occurring dynamic obstructions of the upper respiratory tract and to compare these with those from normal horses in order to determine whether different obstructions produce characteristic spectral patterns. METHODS: The audio signal, airflow and videoendoscopic images were recorded simultaneously during an incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. RESULTS: Spectral analysis of the audio signal showed marked differences between control and clinically afflicted horses. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was characterised by a narrow low frequency (20-80 Hz) peak during expiration. Horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse produced inspiratory sounds characterised by a broad band high frequency spectral component in the range 1.1-2.7 kHz. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Spectral analysis of respiratory sounds in horses has potential as a diagnostic technique for field use especially when facilities for high-speed treadmill assessment are not practicable.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2002

Effect of dorsal displacement of the soft palate on ventilation and airflow during high-intensity exercise.

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is one of the most common obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) on ventilation and respiratory airflow during high intensity exercise. Videoendoscopic recordings were made of the nasopharynx and larynx simultaneously with measurements of airflow and respiratory gas exchange, during high-speed treadmill exercise in 9 horses with confirmed intermittent DDSP admitted for clinical investigation of poor racing performance. In all horses, DDSP resulted in a reduction in minute ventilation (VE) (P<0.001), associated with a decrease in tidal volume (VT) (P<0.01) with no change in breathing frequency (f) and a reduction in oxygen consumption (VO2) (P<0.01). Further, DDSP resulted in reduction of expiratory flow parameters, including peak expiratory flow (PEF), EF50, EF25 and EF125 (P<0.01), with no alteration of inspiratory flow. These results confirm that naturally-occurring intermittent DDSP creates a flow-limiting expiratory obstruction. The associated impairment of athletic performance is probably caused, at least in part, by the accompanying decrease of oxygen uptake.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2002

The effect of a tongue-tie in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate.

Tongue-ties are frequently used in an attempt to prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a tongue-tie in horses clinically affected with the disorder. Videoendoscopic recordings and measurements of respiratory airflow were made simultaneously during high intensity treadmill exercise in 6 Thoroughbred racehorses with confirmed DDSP, with and without a tongue-tie. DDSP was confirmed in all 6 horses without the tongue-tie but occurred in only 4 horses with the tongue-tie in place. In one horse the palate displaced only on slowing down after intense exercise and in the other horse DDSP did not occur although palatal instability remained. The presence of the tongue-tie did not result in any significant alteration in run-time to fatigue or in any of the respiratory variables measured. The results suggest that the use of a tongue-tie may prevent DDSP in individual horses although it is not effective in the majority, consistent with the widely accepted anecdotal reports of success rates for its use. Where DDSP was not prevented, application of a tongue-tie did not improve ventilation.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2001

A morphologic, biochemical, and biomechanical assessment of short-term effects of osteochondral autograft plug transfer in an animal model.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the short-term changes that occur after an osteochondral autograft plug transfer from the femoral trochlea to the medial femoral condyle in a goat model. TYPE OF STUDY: Articular cartilage repair animal study. METHODS: Six adult male goats were used in this study. Two 4.5-mm osteochondral plugs were transferred from the superolateral femoral trochlea to 2 recipient sites in the central portion of the medial femoral condyle for a survival period of 12 weeks. Postmortem, the global effects of the procedure were assessed by gross morphologic inspection and by analyzing the synovial DNA for inflammatory response. The recipient sites were also evaluated histologically and biomechanically. Metabolic activity was determined by (35)SO(4) uptake, and viability was assessed using a live/dead stain and by confocal laser microscopy. RESULTS: There was no evidence of significant gross morphologic or histologic changes in the operative knee as a result of the osteochondral donor or recipient sites. The patella, tibial plateau, and medial meniscus did not show any increased degenerative changes as a result of articulating against the donor or recipient sites of the osteochondral autografts. Analysis of synovial DNA revealed no inflammatory response. Biomechanically, 6- to 7-fold greater stiffness was noted in the cartilage of the transferred plugs compared with the control medial femoral condyle. Furthermore, on histologic examination, the healing subchondral bone interface at the recipient site had increased density. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis as determined by (35)SO(4) uptake was upregulated in the transplanted cartilage plug relative to the contralateral control, showing a repair response at the site of implantation. And finally, confocal microscopy showed 95% viability of the transferred plugs in the medial femoral condyle region. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the ability to successfully transfer an osteochondral autograft plug with maintenance of chondrocyte cellular viability. The transferred cartilage is stiffer than the control medial femoral condyle cartilage, and there is concern regarding the increased trabecular mass in the healing subchondral plate, but these do not result in increased degenerative changes of the opposing articular surfaces in the short term.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a laryngeal cyst in a cat.

The ultrasonographic appearance, surgical treatment and pathological classification of a laryngeal cyst in a four-year-old cat is described. This is the first description of such a cyst diagnosed with the help of ultrasonography. The cat presented with dyspnoea and respiratory noise. An intraluminal fluid-filled cyst attached to the vocal cord was identified by ultrasonography and drained under ultrasound guidance. The cyst recurred three weeks later and ultrasonography showed an increase in size compared to the previous examination. There was no evidence of recurrence of the lesion 18 months after surgical removal.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An evaluation of the accuracy of ageing horses by their dentition: can a computer model be accurate?

The prediction of the age of a horse from its dentition has been widely accepted as an accurate technique, but recent reports have questioned this belief. In this study the dental features of 434 thoroughbreds of known age were documented and a multiple regression equation was calculated from the 13 dental features which had the highest correlation with true age. The accuracy of the ages assessed by a computer model were compared with the ages estimated by experienced equine clinicians. There was little difference between the accuracy of the computer model and the human observers, and neither method provided an acceptable level of accuracy for ageing horses from their dentition.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1995

An evaluation of the accuracy of ageing horses by their dentition: changes of dental morphology with age.

Dental features are commonly expected to provide an accurate estimate of a horse's age. In this study the dentition of 434 thoroughbreds was photographed and the individual dental features documented, the true age of all the horses was known. For each dental feature the correlation with true age was determined. The eruption of the incisor teeth was the most consistent feature but it was not totally reliable. The presence of a hook on the upper corner incisor and Galvayne's groove proved to be of no value when estimating age and, of the attritional features studied, the dental star showed the highest correlation with age. The results show that specific ages cannot be assigned to these dental criteria owing to the wide variation between horses, and that as a result the estimation of age from dentition can never be precise.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1995

An evaluation of the accuracy of ageing horses by their dentition: a matter of experience?

There is a widely held belief that a horse can be accurately aged by an examination of its teeth but this belief has recently been questioned. In this study photographs were taken of the dentition of 434 thoroughbreds of known age. Four experienced equine clinicians provided estimates of the ages of the horses from the photographs. A comparison of the estimated and true ages showed large discrepancies in many cases and the discrepancies increased as the horse's true age increased. The results show that the ageing of horses from their dentition is an imprecise science. It is suggested that written records of the dental features are made on each occasion when a dental examination is made and that veterinary surgeons advise clients that estimating a horse's age from dental criteria can provide no more than an 'informed guess'.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1995

Radiographic and endoscopic study of horses performing an oral based stereotypy.

There is confusion in the veterinary literature concerning the definition of oral based stereotypies in the horse. This study reports the use of fluoroscopy and endoscopy during cribbiting/wind-sucking in afflicted horses. This permitted observations of movements of the pharyngeal and oesophageal tissues and of the air column within during the stereotypic behaviour. The findings reported show that the sequence of events during crib-biting/wind-sucking is not related to deglutition and that air is not swallowed to the stomach. Transient dilation of the upper oesophagus was recorded and the characteristic noise of wind-sucking coincided with the in-rush of air through the cricopharynx. The oesophageal distension was relieved when the air returned to the pharynx although small quantities passed caudally. It is proposed that the role of contraction of the strap muscles of the neck is to create a pressure gradient in the soft tissues surrounding the oesophagus which provokes movement of air from the pharynx into the oesophagus. The findings suggest that the definitions currently used in the sale of horses are in need of revision.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Early motion after repair of Achilles tendon ruptures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients treated with limited immobilization and early motion after repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Thirteen consecutive patients with complete ruptures of the Achilles tendon were identified, repaired, and rehabilitated with early motion starting an average of 10 days after surgery. Active range of motion was begun at an average of 23 days and weightbearing in a walking boot was started at an average of 3.5 weeks after surgery. The average length of follow-up was 27 months. Twelve of 13 patients returned to running activities in an average of 3 months. All 12 patients who participated in lateral motion activities before their injury returned to similar activities in an average of 7 months. The patients rated their overall status at an average of 93% of their preinjury level. Follow-up Cybex testing demonstrated plantarflexion strength averaging 92%, plantarflexion power averaging 88%, and plantarflexion endurance averaging 88% of the nonindexed extremity. Early range of motion after Achilles repair is safe and there is no increased risk of rerupture in compliant patients. The patients achieved good return of plantarflexion strength, power, and endurance.

Achilles Tendon↗