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Biomedical subjects

J Garbarino

Publications and source records attributed to J Garbarino.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Homoeostatic systems for sterols and other lipids.

Fatty acids and sterols are vital components of all eukaryotic cells. Both are used as building blocks for numerous cellular processes such as membrane biosynthesis or hormone production (sterols). Furthermore, these compounds elicit a variety of effects intracellularly as they can act as signalling molecules and regulate gene expression. The metabolism of fatty acids and sterols represents a very intricate network of pathways that are regulated in a precise manner in order to maintain lipid homoeostasis within a cell. Using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system, we touch upon some of the aspects of achieving and maintaining this lipid homoeostasis.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2000

Research on religious variables in five major adolescent research journals: 1992 to 1996.

A review of quantitative research studies published between 1992 and 1996 in five major adolescent journals revealed that 11.8% (109 of 922) included a measure of religion. This percentage (11.8%) is 3 to 10 times higher than that found in previous reviews of empirical research in psychological and psychiatric journals, suggesting that adolescent research journals are more sensitive to the role of religious factors on mental health than research in related disciplines. The results are discussed in the context and philosophy of the adolescent research and in comparison with related disciplines.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

The stress of being a poor child in America.

This article explores the human ecology of child poverty. It focuses on the psychologic meanings of poverty in American society. Issues of shame linked to economic inequality rather than limited resource possession are at the core of clinical issues associated with poverty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: a risk accumulation model.

Interviews with 150 Palestinian mothers and their children living amidst the Intifada in the West Bank were conducted to assess exposure to political violence and family negativity as risk factors associated with behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of risks present in the child's life was significantly correlated with the number of behavioral problems the child exhibited (R = .53, p < .001). The analysis further examined the role of gender, age, and community context in moderating the impact of high levels of accumulated risk on children's behavioral problems. Under conditions of high accumulated risk, boys evidenced more problems than girls, and younger children exhibited more problems than older children. Community context (as indicated by a high or low level of political violence) was a significant factor for girls but not for boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gene evolution of epoxide hydrolases and recommended nomenclature.

We have analyzed amino acid sequence relationships among soluble and microsomal epoxide hydrolases, haloacid dehalogenases, and a haloalkane dehalogenase. The amino-terminal residues (1-229) of mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase are homologous to a haloacid dehalogenase. The carboxy-terminal residues (230-554) of mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase are homologous to haloalkane dehalogenase, to plant soluble epoxide hydrolase, and to microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The shared identity between the haloacid and haloalkane dehalogenases does not indicate relatedness between these two types of dehalogenases. The amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal homologies of mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase to the respective dehalogenases suggests that this epoxide hydrolase, but not the soluble epoxide hydrolase of plant or the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, derives from a gene fusion. The homology of microsomal to soluble epoxide hydrolase suggests they derive from a gene duplication, probably of an ancestral bacterial (epoxide) hydrolase gene. Based on homology to haloalkane dehalogenase, the catalytic residues for the soluble and microsomal epoxide hydrolases are predicted. A nomenclature system based on divergent molecular evolution is proposed for these epoxide hydrolases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Psychological child maltreatment. A developmental view.

This article explores the concept of psychological child maltreatment. It begins with a definition of psychological maltreatment in terms of care-giver behavior that thwarts the meeting of the needs of children. It focuses on five forms of psychological maltreatment that are of concern to the practitioner: rejecting (sending messages of rejection to the child), ignoring (being psychologically unavailable to the child), terrorizing (using intense fear as a weapon against the child), isolating (cutting the child off from normal social relationships), and corrupting (missocializing the child into self-destructive and antisocial patterns of behavior).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

What children can tell us about living in danger.

Developmental challenges faced by children growing up in situations of chronic danger linked to community violence and communal conflict are reviewed. The concept of post-traumatic stress disorder is expanded to include situations of chronic and on-going traumatic stress associated with dangerous environments--war zones and inner city neighborhoods plagued by violence and crime. Of particular importance is the impact of chronic stress and danger on the child's world view, the child's social map, and the child's moral development. On the basis of field work in 5 war zones, the article points to the importance of adult-led "processing" of the young child's experience to his or her psychological coping and moral development. Some of the contradictions operating in such environments are explored--for example, that "fanatical" ideology may provide short-term support for adults and children but also may serve to prolong communal conflict, impede the necessary processing of experience, and increase vulnerability in the long run.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Rapid induction of na/h exchange activity in barley root tonoplast.

Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv CM-72) root tonoplast was induced by Na(+) even in the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis. Induction occurred with a half-time of only 15 minutes. When salt-treated roots were transferred to a nutrient solution containing no Na(+), the activity disappeared with a similar time course. The data suggest that Na(+)/H(+) exchange was due to activation of an existing protein rather than to de novo protein synthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

NaCl Induces a Na/H Antiport in Tonoplast Vesicles from Barley Roots.

Evidence was found for a Na(+)/H(+) antiport in tonoplast vesicles isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv California Mariout 72) roots. The activity of the antiport was observed only in membranes from roots that were grown in NaCl. Measurements of acridine orange fluorescence were used to estimate relative proton influx and efflux from the vesicles. Addition of MgATP to vesicles from a tonoplast-enriched fraction caused the formation of a pH gradient, interior acid, across the vesicle membranes. EDTA was added to inhibit the ATPase, by chelating Mg(2+), and the pH gradient gradually dissipated. When 50 millimolar K(+) or Na(+) was added along with the EDTA to vesicles from control roots, the salts caused a slight increase in the rate of dissipation of the pH gradient, as did the addition of 50 millimolar K(+) to vesicles from salt-grown roots. However, when 50 millimolar Na(+) was added to vesicles from salt-grown roots it caused a 7-fold increase in the proton efflux. Inclusion of 20 millimolar K(+) and 1 micromolar valinomycin in the assay buffer did not affect this rapid Na(+)/H(+) exchange. The Na(+)/H(+) exchange rate for vesicles from salt-grown roots showed saturation kinetics with respect to Na(+) concentration, with an apparent K(m) for Na(+) of 9 millimolar. The rate of Na(+)/H(+) exchange with 10 millimolar Na(+) was inhibited 97% by 0.1 millimolar dodecyltriethylammonium.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Can we measure success in preventing child abuse? Issues in policy, programming and research.

Can we measure success in preventing child abuse? As the field of child abuse and neglect prevention matures intellectually and as more and more agencies require evaluative research to substantiate claims of programmatic success, this issue is emerging with ever growing vigor. This paper reviews efforts to set prevention goals in the United States, e.g., by the federal government's Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and by the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. For such goal setting to be defensible and socially productive, it must be linked to a research base. This research base is growing and maturing. The home health visitor concept, in particular, has received clear and powerful support as a preventive strategy. However, many issues remain concerning other strategies. Of equal or greater importance are the many difficulties we face in documenting base rates of maltreatment with which to assess the impact of preventive interventions. Questions remain about the adequacy of infant mortality data, child injury rates, and the validity of officially reported cases of child maltreatment. The paper reviews the data available to clarify and resolve these issues, and outlines a strategy for assessing success of efforts to reduce severity and incidence of child abuse in the United States. These efforts are presented in the context of a series of principles regarding child abuse prevention, e.g., the difference between prevention linked to broad social and economic reforms versus preventive programming targeted at ameliorating the lives of high-risk families in the absence of broad socioeconomic change.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Identifying the sexually abused deaf child: the otolaryngologist's role.

As a primary physician for most deaf children, the otolaryngologist must be able to identify signs and symptoms of sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse is a topic of national concern as epidemiologic data indicate more than 100,000 American children become victims annually. This paper provides an overview of the incidence, demographic characteristics, risk factors, and dynamics of child sexual abuse within both the general handicapped and, specifically, the hearing imparied populations. Strategies for identifying the sexually abused hearing impaired child are delineated including the physical appearance and behavioral manifestations of child victims, as well as the characteristics of abusive caretakers and perpetrators. Case summaries are presented which illustrate these characteristics. A national center specializing in the evaluation and treatment of abused handicapped children is described.

Adolescent↗