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Biomedical subjects

J Garber

Publications and source records attributed to J Garber.

72 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential co-factors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users.

A cohort of 334 intravenous (IV) drug users from New York City drug treatment programs were followed over a mean 9-month period. Among the 165 who were seropositive at enlistment, four developed clinical AIDS, for an annual rate of 3%. Elevated IgA was a significant predictor of developing AIDS. Among 72 subjects who were initially seronegative and who were re-interviewed, four were seropositive at follow-up, for a seroconversion rate of 7% per year among seronegatives. Among seropositive subjects who did not develop AIDS or fatal AIDS related complex (ARC), continued drug injection was associated with rate of T4 cell loss, and there was a non-significant trend for males to lose T4 cells more rapidly than females. While it was not possible to distinguish the mechanism underlying the relationship between continued drug injection and T4 cell loss, seropositive IV drug users should be warned that continued injection may lead to increased HIV-related immunosuppression as well as, if injection equipment is shared, risking viral transmission to others.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Primary amenorrhea and pseudoprolactinoma in a patient with primary hypothyroidism. Reversal of clinical, biochemical, and radiologic abnormalities with levothyroxine.

A 15-year-old girl presented with primary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and an enlarged pituitary gland. She proved to have primary hypothyroidism. Therapy with levothyroxine resulted in prompt induction of regular menses, normalization of hormone levels, and a reduction in the size of the pituitary. Although hypothyroidism is known to produce secondary amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement, this is believed to be the first computed tomographic documentation of such a "pseudoprolactinoma" presenting as primary amenorrhea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Factors governing the effective remediation of negative affect and its cognitive and behavioral consequences.

The present experiment tested the hypothesis that the remediation of negative emotion will be most effective when the remedial procedure matches the experience or cognition that induced the negative state--process-specificity hypothesis. Other hypotheses examined were that negative states induced by cognitive reflection related to the self would be resistant to remediation, even by a same-process positive procedure, and that changes in emotional expressions may make it appear that a negative state has been effectively remediated when lingering effects on behavior and cognition indicate that it has not. Negative emotional states were induced in second-grade children by one of four processes, all of which involved social rejection content: cognition that focused on (a) the self (thinking about oneself being rejected by a peer) or (b) another person (thinking about a peer being rejected); or experience that related to (c) oneself (actually being socially rejected) or (d) observing another (vicarious: seeing a peer be socially rejected). These inductions were then followed by a positive, remedial induction whose content was the reverse (social acceptance) and whose process did or did not match that of the negative induction. As predicted, except for negative self-cognitions, it was found that the behavioral (altruism) and cognitive (performance on a block design task) consequences of negative emotion were alleviated when the positive remediation was of the same type as the original induction. Emotional expressions were consistently positive following remediation, regardless of their type. The results are discussed in terms of differing processes for maintaining negative emotion as a function of the character of induction, and the implications for the understanding of clinical depression in children are noted.

Affect↗
PubMed1984

Classification of childhood psychopathology: a developmental perspective.

The absence of a comprehensive, objective, and reliable system for classifying emotional and behavior problems in children has slowed the advancement of knowledge in the field of developmental psychopathology. This paper provides a developmental framework for the classification of psychopathology in children and highlights the potential contributions that such classification may have toward the understanding of normal development. The salient issues derived from this developmental perspective are concerned with the continuity between childhood and adult psychopathology, and the definition of normality and adaptation in the context of development. The implications of the continuity issue for classification are that (a) the validity of adult criteria for use with children should be explored further, (b) the diagnosis of a childhood disorder at 1 point in time is not necessarily dependent upon there being episodes of the disorder at a later time, and (c) the focus of classification should not be limited to isolated behaviors and traits, but rather should emphasize patterns of adaptation. Moreover, it is suggested that judgments about normality and dysfunction should be made relative to what is expected given the child's age, sex, environmental context, developmental task, level of functioning, and phase in the progression through development. This paper provides a conceptual framework that will facilitate the construction of a more developmentally relevant system of classification.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Comment on the carcinogenic potential of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Analysis of the carcinogen bioassay of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has shown that the designated maximum tolerated dose was exceeded in the low- and high-dose groups of male rats, in the high-dose group of female rats, and in the low- and high-dose groups of female mice. Significant differences in tumor incidence among small populations of laboratory animals within the testing facility further confounded interpretation of the bioassay. Critical data on food consumption, nutritional status, clinical signs, clinical pathology, and intestinal microorganisms are lacking. This review concludes that because of major deficiencies in the available data, the studies cannot be interpreted as showing a carcinogenic effect due to DEHP alone. Epigenetic mechanisms to explain the biologic effects are examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Depression in children: parent, teacher, and child perspectives.

Depressed and nondepressed children were found to differ in the types of behavior problems manifested at home and at school. Children rated as depressed by their parents on the Personality Inventory for Children evidenced significantly more conduct problems, anxiety, impulsive hyperactivity, learning problems, psychosomatic problems, perfectionism, and muscular tension at home than children rated as nondepressed. Depressed children were rated by their teachers as displaying more inattention-passivity than nondepressed children. A significant but modest relationship was found between parent report and child self-report of the child's depression. Depressed children attributed positive events to external causes and negative events to internal causes significantly more than did nondepressed children. The specificity of these results to depression was also examined; the particular features of childhood depression are compared to the features of adult depression.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1976

Spatial vs. nonspatial reasoning ability in chronic schizophrenics.

Forty chronic male VA schizophrenics were matched with veterans who were seeking educational counseling, and both groups were tested on a 32-item measure of spatial and matched nonspatial reasoning questions. Schizophrenics were inferior in spatial reasoning not only when compared to controls, but also when compared to their own level of functioning on nonspatial reasoning, which suggests that spatial reasoning may be selectively more impaired than general reasoning ability in male chronic schizophrenics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of a brief coping skills intervention on adherence to breast self-examination among first-degree relatives of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.

The present investigation sought to determine (1) the impact of a single session stress management/coping intervention (problem-solving training; PST) versus a general health counseling (GHC) control condition on breast self-examination (BSE) adherence among relatives of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, and (2) whether women with heightened perceived risk of breast cancer and/or cancer specific distress at baseline were more likely to improve their BSE adherence following PST. The participants were 510 women age 20-75 who had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer. All of the participants completed a baseline telephone interview, an intervention (PST versus GHC), and a 3-month follow-up telephone interview. The results revealed a 36% overall improvement in BSE adherence, with no significant between-group difference in improvement (chi 2 = 0.03, p = 0.87). The logistic regression analysis of improvement in BSE adherence revealed a statistically significant cancer-specific distress by treatment interaction (p = 0.04). Among women who received PST, those with high levels of cancer-specific distress were two times more likely to improve in BSE adherence than women low in cancer-specific distress. There was no effect of cancer-specific distress in the control condition. These results suggest that women with a family history of breast cancer who have high levels of distress may be most likely to benefit from behavioral coping skills intervention to promote adherence to breast cancer screening.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extended storage of platelets in a new plastic container. I. Biochemical and morphologic changes.

A new polyvinyl chloride container plasticized with tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (PL 1240 plastic) was evaluated for use in extended platelet storage. Six leukocyte-rich platelet concentrates (mean, 0.6 X 10(9) white cells per bag; range, 0.3 to 1.0 X 10(9) per container) were prepared by removing as much of the platelet-rich plasma from blood as possible. The cells were stored at 22 degrees C on an end-over-end agitator. An average of 1.04 +/- 0.19 X 10(11) platelets was recovered, and the mean pH dropped from 7.23 on day 0 to 6.68 by day 5. At the completion of the storage period. PO2 averaged 80 torr, PCO2 was 35 torr, bicarbonate concentration was 0.5 mM, and lactate concentration 29.5 mM. Thirty-one additional units of platelet concentrates, not deliberately prepared to be leukocyte-rich, on day 5 had a pH of 6.75 +/- 0.39 (mean platelet yield, 0.97 +/- 0.21 X 10(11); PO2 and PCO2 averaged 50 and 48 torr, respectively). Following storage, the cells had an average phase microscopic morphology score of 244 (n = 17). Platelets appeared to be preserved well throughout storage when assessed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. We conclude that platelets can be stored for 5 days in PL 1240 plastic containers with good preservation of pH and cell ultrastructure.

Benzoates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's perceptions of peers with somatic symptoms: the impact of gender, stress, and illness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how illness characteristics influence children's responses to ill peers. METHODS: A sample of 363 4th and 5th graders responded to a vignette describing a peer with abdominal pain. In a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 design, conditions varied by (a) evidence for organic disease, (b) presence of stress, (c) sex of vignette character, and (d) sex of respondent. Children rated symptom severity, liking for the peer, and whether the peer should be excused from normal responsibilities. RESULTS: Same sex preferences significantly influenced children's liking for a peer. Children viewed symptoms with an organic etiology as more severe than those without one. Under certain conditions, symptom severity judgments mediated the relation between the presence of organic disease and (a) liking and (b) granting relief from responsibility. The presence of stress had little effect on ratings of symptom severity, liking, or relief from responsibility. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and evidence of organic disease influence children's perceptions of and responses to symptomatic peers.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial antecedents of variation in girls' pubertal timing: maternal depression, stepfather presence, and marital and family stress.

Drawing on Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper's evolutionary theory of the development of reproductive strategies, we tested a model of individual differences in girls' pubertal timing. This model posits that a history of psychopathology in mothers results in earlier pubertal maturation in daughters, and that this effect is mediated by discordant family relationships and father absence/ stepfather presence. The model was supported in a short-term longitudinal study of 87 adolescent girls. In the primary test of the model, it was found that a history of mood disorders in mothers predicted earlier pubertal timing in daughters, and this relation was fully mediated by dyadic stress and biological father absence. In families in which the mother's romantic partner was not the biological father, dyadic stress accounted for almost half of the variation in daughters' pubertal timing. Stepfather presence, rather than biological father absence, best accounted for earlier pubertal maturation in girls living apart from their biological fathers. We propose that stepfather presence and stressful family relationships constitute separate paths to early pubertal maturation in girls.

Adolescent↗