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Biomedical subjects

J Gralla

Publications and source records attributed to J Gralla.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Image-guided removal of supratentorial cavernomas in critical brain areas: application of neuronavigation and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging.

In a retrospective study the postoperative results of 26 patients operated on for supratentorial cavernous hemangiomas either deep-seated or near eloquent brain areas are summarized. An exact surgical approach to these lesions is essential to prevent neurological deterioration. Three different navigation systems were used and compared according to their clinical applicability. Complete removal of the lesion was obtained in all patients of this series. In six cases (23 %) functional data from magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging were integrated into the navigational setup. In 14 cases (54 %) intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed. The follow-up time was 3 - 26 months (mean: 10 months). In the postoperative course one patient (3.8 %) developed a hemiparesis, another one developed quadrantopia. Nineteen patients presented with preoperative seizure history, 16 of these (84 %) had no further or rare seizures after surgery. The better results in seizure control were achieved in those patients with shorter duration of seizure history before surgery. The study indicates that the application of neuronavigation allows surgery on supratentorial cavernous hemangiomas in critical brain areas with low morbidity. The intraoperative visualization of eloquent cortex areas by integration of functional data allows a fast identification and exemption of eloquent brain areas, preventing neurological deterioration. Furthermore, the intraoperative MR resection control ensures a complete resection and illustrates the minimal invasive approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Use of magnetoencephalography and functional neuronavigation in planning and surgery of brain tumors].

The role of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in neurology has been established for basic research, epilepsy, and functional brain mapping. The presurgical localization of functionally important brain areas has evolved as an important application of MEG. Both neurologists and neurosurgeons can use this method for decision-making and planning of nonsurgical or surgical treatment in brain tumors. The integration of functional brain mapping data into neuronavigation systems may help to minimize postoperative morbidity. This is especially important in low-grade gliomas, in which a potential benefit of surgery is only achieved when the tumor has been resected completely, whereas neurological deterioration means a substantial loss of quality of life during the survival time. This report addresses the utility of MEG combined with neuronavigation in the treatment of brain tumors adjacent to eloquent brain areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Neuronavigation: concept, techniques and applications.

Neuronavigation provides intraoperative orientation to the surgeon, helps in planning a precise surgical approach to the targetted lesion and defines the surrounding neurovascular structures. Incorporation of the functional data provided by functional MRI and magnetoencephalography (MEG) with neuronavigation helps to avoid the eloquent areas of the brain during surgery. An intraoperative MRI enables radical resection of the lesions, the possibility of immediate control for tumor remnants and updates of neuronavigation with intraoperative images to compensate for brain shift. In this study, the experience of 432 patients undergoing neuronavigation assisted neurosurgical interventions using either the pointer-based or microscope-based navigational systems at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany is presented. The procedures included stereotactic biopsy (n=53), stereotactic cyst puncture/ventricular drainage (n=15), eloquent cortex/tumor localization to facilitate tumor resection, assessment of neurovascular structures in the vicinity of tumors of the sellar-suprasellar regions, skull base, posterior fossa and ventricular region (n=252), and, surgery for epilepsy (n=9). Functional brain mapping using fMRI and MEG and their integration with neuronavigation was carried out in 24 and 128 patients respectively. The simultaneous use of intraoperative MRI to look for the remaining tumor was done in 159 patients and the update of navigational data was carried out in 17 patients. The mean system accuracy obtained by using both the fiducial registration as well as anatomical landmark-surface fitting computer algorithm was 1.81 mm. This study reviews the relative merits and demerits of the pointer and microscope based navigational systems and also highlights the role of functional brain mapping and intraoperative MRI, when integrated with neuronavigation, in the surgical decision-making to offer the chances of more radical resections with minimal morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Transcription reinitiation rate: a special role for the TATA box.

Promoters need to specify both the timing of transcriptional induction and the amount of transcript synthesized. In order to explore each of these effects separately, in vitro assays for the level of active preinitiation complex formation and for the rate of continuous RNA production were done. The effects were found to be influenced differently by different promoter elements. A consensus TATA element had a very strong effect on the rate of continuous RNA production, whereas two types of activators were important primarily in forming active transcription preinitiation complexes. Consensus TATA promoters exhibited high rates of continuous transcription; they assembled active preinitiation transcription complexes slowly but then produced transcripts continuously at an approximately fivefold-higher rate. Initiator-containing TATA-less promoters produced continuous transcripts slowly. Point mutations in the TATA element led to lower levels of transcription by reducing the number of preinitiation complexes and amplifying this reduction by lowering the apparent reinitiation rate. The results allow understanding of the sequence diversity of promoter elements in terms of specifying separate controls over the sensitivity of gene induction and over the strength of the induced promoter.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1996

Transcription activation by GC-boxes: evaluation of kinetic and equilibrium contributions.

Basal and GC-box activated transcription were compared by various assays in order to learn the basis for an 8-fold difference observed under standard conditions. The time required for forming pre-initiation complexes and initiating and elongating RNA synthesis, and the extent of transcription reinitiation were found to be quite similar for basal and activated transcription, with complex formation being the slow step in both cases. The extent of activation was found to vary widely with the amount of template DNA used. Activated pre-initiation complexes were found to have a higher stability than basal complexes. The data are interpreted to indicate that GC-box elements do not stimulate the rate constants for critical steps in this system but rather increase the equilibrium constant for pre-initiation complex formation, probably by 10-30-fold.

DNA↗
PubMed1991

Ki-B5: a monoclonal antibody unrelated to CD45 recognizes normal and neoplastic human B cells in routine paraffin sections.

In the search for immunoreagents appropriate for the histopathologic diagnosis of malignant B-cell lymphomas in routinely processed paraffin sections, a new monoclonal antibody, Ki-B5, was generated using a high-grade B-cell lymphoma as the immunogene. Ki-B5 is a mouse IgG1/kappa that recognizes five protein fractions of about 84, 82, 55, 48, and 27 Kd after biosynthetic radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation. Protein fractions with the molecular weights of approximately 84 and 82 Kd were expressed on the cell surface and show that Ki-B5 is probably unrelated to CD45. It was possible through electron microscopy to visualize the membrane-bound portion of Ki-B5. Extensive immunohistologic studies on normal human tissue and various neoplasias demonstrated the high specificity of Ki-B5 to normal human B cells and a minor subgroup of plasma cells. Except for ML-2, which is a myelomonocytic human cell line, Ki-B5 exclusively recognized the B-cell lineage, including EB-3, BALL-1, and NALM-1. All carcinomas, sarcomas, and malignant melanomas tested with Ki-B5 were negative. Although normal granulocytes and monocytes were constantly negative, three of eight myelomonocytic leukemias coreacted with this antibody. Eight of the 57 T-cell lymphomas studied were positive to Ki-B5. Five were classified as lymphoblastic, two represented T8-CLL, and one was classified as immunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Only 3 of 126 cases of B-cell lymphoma, including rare types not considered in the current classifications, were negative to Ki-B5. Plasmacytomas were also negative, except for one case. Irrespective of the cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma and plasmacytoma, Ki-B5 represents a new monoclonal antibody appropriate for the diagnosis and immunophenotyping of malignant lymphomas in routinely processed paraffin sections.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The interaction of RNA polymerase II with non-promoter DNA sites.

Various complexes formed between purified RNA polymerase II and simian virus 40 DNA have been characterized with respect to rates of formation, rates of dissociation, and initial velocity of RNA synthesis. Two different types of complexes can form on intact DNA templates. One of these is formed rapidly, but is quite labile; the other forms more slowly, but is moderately stable once formed. The introduction of a single strand break into DNA leads to rapid and stable complex formation, and thus is expected to create the favored binding site. The observed properties of these complexes provide a general framework for describing the interactions of RNA polymerase II at non-promoter DNA sites. This framework appears to be similar to that established for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase interactions, suggesting that the fundamental mode of non-promoter DNA binding is similar for the bacterial, plant, and mammalian enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Lac UV5 transcription in vitro. Rate limitation subsequent to formation of an RNA polymerase-DNA complex.

The kinetics of transcription of lac UV5 mRNA using purified DNA restriction fragment as template has been studied. This template, which contains only 203 base pairs, directs the formation of a 67-base lac mRNA with high specificity. The half-time for formation of a DNA-RNA polymerase complex is approximately 0.2 min. However, upon addition of 200 micron nucleoside triphosphates to this complex, RNA production proceeds with a half-time of approximately 1 min. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate-limiting step for lac UV5 mRNA production, under typical in vitro conditions, occurs subsequent to the formation of a promoter-specific complex.

DNA Restriction Enzymes↗
PubMed1979

DNA sequence directs placement of histone cores on restriction fragments during nucleosome formation.

Restriction fragments, 203 and 144 base pairs in length, bearing the Escherichia coli lac control region have been reconstituted with the core histones from calf thymus to form nucleosomes. By several criteria the reconstituted nucleosomes are similar to native nucleosomes obtained by micrococcal nuclease digestion of calf thymus nuclei. However, sensitive nuclease digestion studies reveal subtle and important differences between native monosomes and the lac reconstitutes. Each reconstitute consists mainly of nucleosomes containing histone cores placed nonrandomly with respect to the DNA sequence. The shorter reconstitute forms asymmetric nucleosomes as evidenced by the DNase I digestion pattern. Exonuclease III digestion followed by 5'-end analysis of the larger reconstitute suggests that, of the many possible arrangements of histone core with DNA sequence, only two are highly favored.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of short RNA helices: the oligomer sequence AnGCUn.

We studied the thermodynamic, kinetic and optical properties of the double helices formed by the series of self-complementary oligonucleotides, (AP)(n)GpC(pU)(n), 2 </= n </= 4, and found that the shortest helix, containing just 6 base pairs, is less stable than would be predicted from the properties of the larger molecules. It also shows a markedly smaller hyperchromism on melting than expected. These anomalous properties of a short helix indicate that one cannot always assume that base pair free energies and extinction coefficient changes are independent of helix size.

Base Sequence↗