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Biomedical subjects

J Groopman

Publications and source records attributed to J Groopman.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Temporal aspects of DNA and RNA synthesis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for differential gene expression.

The kinetics of retroviral DNA and RNA synthesis are parameters vital to understanding viral growth, especially for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which encodes several of its own regulatory genes. We have established a single-cycle growth condition for HIV in H9 cells, a human CD4+ lymphocyte line. The full-length viral linear DNA is first detectable by 4 h postinfection. During a one-step growth of HIV, amounts of viral DNA gradually increase until 8 to 12 h postinfection and then decrease. The copy number of unintegrated viral DNA is not extraordinarily high even at its peak. Most strikingly, there is a temporal program of RNA accumulation: the earliest RNA is greatly enriched in the 2-kilobase subgenomic mRNA species, while the level of 9.2-kilobase RNA which is both genomic RNA and mRNA remains low until after 24 h of infection. Virus production begins at about 24 h postinfection. Thus, viral DNA synthesis is as rapid as for other retroviruses, but viral RNA synthesis involves temporal alteration in the species that accumulate, presumably as a consequence of viral regulatory genes.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1989

Acute hyperparathyroidism with systemic calcinosis. Report of a case.

A patient with a huge mediastinal parathyroid adenoma had an acute hypercalcemic crisis. The patient exemplifies the many pitfalls in diagnosis and management of this unusual complication. Postoperatively the patient further developed severe calciphylaxis with calcinosis cutis and systemic and pulmonary calcinosis, a most rare condition.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Inhibition of bone marrow myelopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro by anti-retroviral nucleoside derivatives.

We have studied the in vitro effects of nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase on bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor development. Both 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC) potently inhibited in vitro haematopoiesis, while 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) was less inhibitory in this culture system. Studies of candidate antiretroviral agents in bone marrow culture may predict clinical toxicity as well as lead to strategies for combination therapy which minimize impairment of haematopoiesis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Transfusion-acquired HIV infection among immunocompromised hosts.

This survey suggests that HIV infection in immunocompromised hosts is characterized by a high attack rate, short incubation time to clinical sequelae, and WB and RIP seropositivity which may precede evidence of antibodies by ELISA by weeks or months. The functional properties of patients' serum antibodies, such as neutralizing activity against HIV in vitro, may correlate with clinical course.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Medical care costs of AIDS in Massachusetts.

Previous investigation has suggested that the direct cost of medical care for the 24,011 reported patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be as high as $147,000 per patient. To evaluate the use and cost of medical services for patients with AIDS in Massachusetts, we performed a one-year cost of illness study of 45 AIDS patients. Sociodemographic and clinical data as well as information on medical utilization were obtained from review of outpatient and hospital records. Patients with AIDS required a mean of 3.3 (+/- 3.2) hospitalizations per year and 18.4 (+/- 21.8) ambulatory visits per year. Overall, medical costs averaged $46,505 +/- $38,720 per patient per year, with 91% of these expenditures related to use of inpatient services. These results suggest that the cost of medical care for AIDS patients may be substantially less than previously estimated.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Measurement of aflatoxin B1, its metabolites, and DNA adducts by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry.

Sensitive and specific methods are needed for measuring human exposure to carcinogens. Synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry can be used to measure fmol of aflatoxins, their metabolites, and DNA adducts. Computer-assisted analysis of spectra of these agents obtained by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry can be displayed as contour maps which are highly specific for each agent. Individual agents in mixtures, e.g. aflatoxins B1 and M1, can be identified by fourth derivative spectral analysis. This physical method should complement immunological and other methods to measure aflatoxin B1, its metabolites, and nucleic acid adducts.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1985

Oral vinzolidine as therapy for Kaposi's sarcoma and carcinomas of lung, breast, and colon/rectum.

Vinzolidine, a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid, was studied as oral therapy in 30 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Substantial variations in morbidity were observed among the patients, some patients receiving doses up to 45 mg/m2 without toxicity while others had severe hematologic toxicity at doses as low as 25 mg/m2. Nausea/vomiting and diarrhea also occurred. Responses were seen in two of 11 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma but not in other patients. Unpredictable severe hematologic toxicity led to early closure of this study. The heterogeneity of patient tolerance may relate to variable oral drug bioavailability, and it is conceivable that vinzolidine could be administered more safely by the IV route.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Quantitative changes in T helper or T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets that distinguish acquired immune deficiency syndrome from other immune subset disorders.

Quantitative measurements of the immune cell subgroups, T helper (Leu 3+/OKT4+) cells and T suppressor/cytotoxic (Leu 2+/OKT8+) cells, were made in patients having acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with Kaposi's sarcoma and in patients with AIDS and opportunistic infection, as well as in three other relevant populations. These included patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome, e.g., homosexually active males with lymphadenopathy who sought medical care for additional symptoms, and healthy male homosexuals, as well as a control population. Decrease in the number of T helper cells is characteristic of AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma or opportunistic infection. Augmentation of the T suppressor/cytotoxic cell population is rare in AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma but is more frequent in AIDS with opportunistic infection. Augmentation of the T suppressor/cytotoxic cell population, however, may occur in a variety of circumstances, including cytomegalovirus and other viral infections, in healthy, homosexually active males, and in otherwise healthy hemophiliac subjects receiving factor VIII treatment. Reduced T helper:T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratio can be caused by either decrease in the number of T helper cells or augmentation of the T suppressor/cytotoxic cell population. Lowered T helper:T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratio does not, by itself, help to distinguish between AIDS and other causes of reduced ratios. Quantitative measurements are needed to define the T subset changes. AIDS is characterized by decrease in the number of T helper cells and reduced T helper:T suppressor/cytotoxic cell ratio. The T helper (Leu 3+) and T suppressor/cytotoxic (Leu 2+) cell subpopulations can change independently. Identification of decrease in the number of T helper cells as an alteration that occurs independently of numerical change in other lymphoid subpopulations, such as T suppressor/cytotoxic cells and B cells, and the close association of the decrease in the number of T helper cells with AIDS are consistent with a distinct pathogenesis (and cause) for AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by proliferation of morphologically abnormal promyelocytes and a severe bleeding diathesis. The abnormal promyelocyte is characterized by abundant, large granules, many of which are spindle-shaped. Electron microscopic appearance of the granules closely resembles that of Auer rods. The granules appear to possess tissue thromboplastin activity by both immunologic and clotting assays. Coagulation studies in APL are generally consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prolongation of the prothrombin time and elevation of fibrinogen degradation products are the tests that are most commonly abnormal. Although occasional reports indicate a favorable response of the coagulopathy to drugs that inhibit fibrinolysis, the use of prophylactic heparin appears to be the treatment of choice. The response rate of APL to chemotherapy regimens that contain an anthracycline is comparable to that of acute myelogenous leukemia. The recent description of the 15;17 chromosomal translocation which may be pathognomonic for APL is only the second example of a chromosomal marker of human neoplasia. Marked elevation of serum vitamin B12 and B12 binding proteins appears to be another characteristic feature of APL. An in vitro cell line of APL cells has been demonstrated to have the capacity to differentiate to functional polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but the cause for the maturation arrest is unknown.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed1978

Sipple's syndrome with a malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as a pericardial effusion.

Sipple's syndrome is a multiple endocrinopathy usually involving the adrenal medulla and the thyroid. In the present case, a malignant pheochromocytoma metastasized to the pericardium and both lungs. The patient was known to have had a calcified right suprarenal mass for 8 years. He was admitted to the emergency room with symptomatology consistent with pericardial tamponade, but despite intensive management, he expired.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗