Oral antihypertensive agent.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Gums.
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Since the last revision of the American Heart Association's guidelines in 1985, several new developments of clinical importance have occurred in the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. These include enhanced access to and earlier use of defibrillation, the use of high-dose epinephrine when standard doses fail, the assessment of resuscitative efforts with end-tidal CO2 monitoring and the addition of two new drugs, amiodarone (for refractory ventricular fibrillation) and adenosine (for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia). Time will determine the ultimate role of these advancements in the management of cardiac arrest.
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Evaluation and treatment of patients with ventricular arrhythmias are full of pitfalls for the unwary. In this series of articles we discuss how to recognize and avoid these pitfalls and present our approach to management. The prevalence and clinical significance of ventricular arrhythmias and indications for treatment are addressed in this initial installment.
In the initial installment of this series, the prevalence, significance, and indications for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias were discussed. In this section, we address special concerns in the evaluation of patients with ventricular arrhythmias including the importance of extracardiac and exacerbating factors, the likely role of silent myocardial ischemia, benefits and drawbacks of monitoring methods, proarrhythmic effect, and torsades de pointes. Treatment considerations and discussion of pitfalls in management will follow in the final two installments of this series.
In Parts I and II of this series, clinical significance, prevalence, and special concerns in the evaluation of patients with ventricular arrhythmias were reviewed. We now examine the categories of antiarrhythmic drugs and offer indications for their use. Reasons why a patient may not respond to antiarrhythmic therapy, end points of therapy, and the benefits and drawbacks of measuring serum drug levels are addressed. Use of newer drugs and additional treatment modalities are discussed in the final installment.
In this final installment, we discuss use of the newer antiarrhythmic agents and indications for additional treatment modalities such as programmed electrophysiologic stimulation (PES), surgery, and implantation of the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator. We conclude with our approach for evaluating the efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy.