Comparison of antigens and serological methods in Aspergillus fumigatus antibody detection.
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Antibodies, Fungal↗
Biomedical subjects
J H Kalbfleisch
Publications and source records attributed to J H Kalbfleisch.
Inhibition by sugars of Candida albicans adherence to human buccal mucosal cells and corneocytes in vitro.
The adherence and inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells was studied for human cells obtained from skin (corneocytes) and buccal mucosa. The yeast adhered to both kinds of cells, although in somewhat greater numbers to buccal mucosal cells. Adherence to the cells of different individuals was variable, but the ratios of values for the two kinds of cells from a single subject were quite constant. Inhibition of adherence was produced by several sugars, including the aminosugars mannosamine, glucosamine, and galactosamine. The pattern of inhibition produced by the sugars was similar for the two types of cells. Pretreatment of the yeast with mannosamine, followed by dilution to a subinhibitory concentration, produced some inhibition of yeast-buccal mucosal cell attachment, indicating some direct interaction between the sugar and the fungal cell. These data suggest that the mechanisms whereby C. albicans attaches to corneocytes and to buccal mucosal cells are probably similar.
Adhesiveness↗
Effect of central hypervolemia on cardiac performance during exercise.
To investigate the effect of different levels of central blood volume on cardiac performance during exercise, M-mode echocardiography was utilized to determine left ventricular size and performance during cycling exercise in the upright posture (UP), supine posture (SP), and head-out water immersion (WI). At submaximal work loads requiring a mean O2 consumption (Vo2) of 1.2 1/min and 1.5 1/min, mean left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) with WI than UP. In the SP during exercise, left ventricular dimensions were intermediate between UP and WI. Heart rate did not differ significantly among the three conditions at rest and at submaximal exercise up to a mean Vo2 of 1.8 1/min. However, at a mean Vo2 of 2.4 1/min, heart rate in the UP was significantly greater than WI (P less than 0.01) and the SP (P less than 0.05). Maximal Vo2 did not differ statistically in the three conditions. These data indicate that a change in central blood volume results in alterations in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions during moderate levels of exercise and a change in heart rate at heavy levels of exercise.
Adult↗
Gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus.
We evaluated whether chronic nausea and vomiting in diabetic patients correlate with abnormal gastric emptying of liquid or solid, or both liquid and solid, radiolabeled meals and recorded the acute effects of metoclopramide. last, we compared several methods of analyzing gastric emptying data obtained using the gamma-camera. Eighteen healthy control subjects and 16 insulin-dependent diabetics with neuropathy were investigated. Ten of the patients suffered from chronic nausea and vomiting; the remaining 6 served as disease controls. Gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals could best be described by the slopes of two linear components and their intercept. Liquid meals generally were handled normally, while solid meals were emptied slowly by both groups of diabetics. A single dose of metoclopramide frequently corrected the delayed onset of the second, more rapidly emptying phase, that is, the major abnormality of solid emptying. The radiologic findings during a barium meal did not distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic patients. We conclude that abnormal gastric motor function, manifested by delayed emptying of a solid meal or barium suspension, or both, is common in diabetics with neuropathy and that this motor abnormality is not the only cause of chronic vomiting. The beneficial, often short-term symptomatic effects of metoclopramide in these patients appear to be mediated by a combination of normalization of gastric emptying and a central antiemetic action.
Adult↗
Response of patients after myocardial infarction to carrying a graded series of weight loads.
Cardiovascular responses to carrying graded weight loads of 20 to 50 pounds were determined in 52 patients after myocardial infarction (MI) (greater than or equal to 2 months). Sixty percent of the patients were stopped before completing the heaviest weight load (50 pounds for 2 minutes) because of an increase in diastolic blood pressure (BP) to 120 mm Hg (end point) or arm fatigue. Compared with symptom-limited graded dynamic exercise, peak systolic and diastolic BP were significantly greater (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively) with weight carrying, while peak heart rate, pressure-rate product, ventilation and oxygen consumption were significantly lower (p less than 0.01). Ischemic responses were less frequent with weight carrying. Patients with severely reduced resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (less than 35%) tolerated the weight carrying test as well as patients with normal resting LVEFs (greater than 50%). We conclude that (1) ischemic responses occur less frequently while carrying up to 50 pounds for 2 minutes than with symptom-limited dynamic exercise, (2) a significant number of patients have an increase in diastolic BP greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg while carrying objects that weigh 30 to 50 pounds for 2 minutes, and (3) a poor correlation exists between resting LVEF and tolerance for weight carrying.
Adult↗
Pharmacology of dextroamphetamine-induced cardiovascular malformations in the chick embryo.
We have observed dextroamphetamine sulfate to cause cardiovascular malformations in the 4-day-old chick embryo. Essentially all malformations were of the heart and great vessels. About one-half of these were the abnormal persistence of the left fourth aortic arch. Ventricular septal defects comprised the vast majority of the other malformations. Since d-amphetamine has both a direct and, more importantly, an indirect mode of alpha and beta adrenergic stimulation, three drugs were used to try to inhibit malformation production: alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT), a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor; metoprolol, a beta 1 blocker; and phentolamine, an alpha blocker. When given with d-amphetamine, all three drugs significantly reduced the malformation rate resulting from d-amphetamine alone. We speculate that the embryonic chick is capable of responding to the alpha and/or beta properties of dextroamphetamine sulfate. These properties may be causally related to the malformations observed.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Reduction of catecholamine-induced cardiovascular malformations in the chick embryo with metoprolol.
It has been documented that activation of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor mechanism is directly related to cardiovascular malformations associated with the heart and great vessels of the embryonic chick. These adrenergic receptors are believed to be present and functional in the innervated and noninnervated embryonic heart at early stages of development. The present study examined the effects of four sympathomimetic cardioactive amines on chick cardiovascular morphogenesis at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 24. Special attention was directed toward understanding dopamine teratogenicity. In order of decreasing potency at the maximum teratogenic dose (dopamine greater than isoproterenol greater than epinephrine greater than norepinephrine) each drug was found capable of producing aortic arch anomalies of the third, fourth, and sixth aortic arches and ventricular septal defects (VSD). A new specific beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, metoprolol tartrate, was employed in an attempt to lower the incidence of these cardiovascular malformations. Pretreatment with this selective beta 1-blocker profoundly reduced the incidence of malformations within any amine-treated group. These experiments demonstrate that dopamine, as well as the other sympathomimetic amines, is a potent teratogen and most likely produces these cardiovascular malformations by primarily stimulating the beta 1-adrenoreceptor in the embryonic chick.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
The relative value of skin tests and radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of bee sting hypersensitivity.
The relative diagnostic value of ST and RAST was evaluated in 97 patients with BSH. Eighteen patients had LRs, 79 showed SRs including 18 with urticaria, 26 had bronchospasm, and 35 had anaphylactic shock. ST but not the RAST reactivity was strongly related to the severity of the clinical reaction (p less than or equal to 0.001) and found superior to the RAST in identifying patients with SRs in whom venom therapy was indicated.
Aging↗
Effects of isoflurane on the baroreceptor reflex.
The baroreceptor reflex has been found to be attenuated during anesthesia, but the effects of the relatively new anesthetic, isoflurane, on baroreflex function have not been examined thoroughly. This study was performed to determine the effects of isoflurane on each component of the baroreceptor reflex arc, including the receptors, afferent and efferent nerve pathways, central integratory centers, peripheral ganglia, and the heart. Baroreflex effects on heart rate initiated by systemic pressure changes were examined in conscious and anesthetized dogs (1.3% and 2.6% isoflurane). The effects on individual components of the reflex arc were determined by examining carotid sinus baroreceptor afferent activity, sympathetic efferent nerve activity, and heart rate response to direct sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs. Preganglionic and postganglionic nerve activities were recorded simultaneously during baroreflex activation to determine ganglionic effects of isoflurane. Baroreflex-induced changes in heart rate were not depressed significantly until 2.6% isoflurane if blood pressure changes due to anesthetic administration were prevented. Significant decreases in baseline sympathetic efferent nerve activity were found at 1.3% and 2.6% isoflurane, with depression of postganglionic activity significantly greater than preganglionic activity at 2.6% isoflurane, indicating a ganglionic effect of isoflurane. Cardiac chronotropic responses to direct stimulation of sympathetic and vagal fibers were attenuated significantly by isoflurane, with sympathetic stimulation showing the greater sensitivity to the anesthetic. Carotid baroreceptor afferent activity was increased by isoflurane, and this sensitization of the baroreceptors appeared to contribute to the decreased levels of sympathetic tone. Therefore, although isoflurane was found to alter the baroreceptor reflex through its effects at multiple sites of the baroreflex arc, significant depression of the cardiac chronotropic component of the reflex was seen only at 2.6% isoflurane.
Animals↗
Occupational allergy to laboratory animals: employer practices.
Occupational asthma from exposure to laboratory animals has recently been recognized as a compensable prescribed disease in Britain. Current American employer attitudes and policies regarding laboratory animal allergy were surveyed by questionnaire and the findings compiled from 155 institutions. Laboratory animal allergy was reported as a workplace disease of animal house employees by 108 facilities (70%), with rat and rabbit exposure the most frequent cause. While 103 of 155 animal research facilities required a preemployment medical examination, only six of these included hypersensitivity screening. Applicants for jobs involving animal contact were rarely disqualified because of an allergic history. A uniform policy regarding the problem of allergy to laboratory animals in U.S. animal facilities is not presently apparent.
Animals↗
Habitual excessive dietary salt intake and blood pressure levels in renal transplant recipients.
We observed that renal transplant recipients with good graft function (mean serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dl +/- 0.5 SD, N = 68) had dietary salt intakes (estimated from serial measurements of 24-hour sodium excretion rate) which averaged 43 percent higher than that of a comparable group of healthy subjects. There was no correlation between blood pressure levels and salt intake and, despite the high dietary salt intake, hypertension was present in only 29 patients and was usually mild; mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 132 +/- 10 mm Hg and 89 +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively while the patients were receiving antihypertensive medication (median number of standard doses of antihypertensive medication was 1.0 doses/patient patient per day). These observations suggest that high dietary salt intake does not exert a powerful blood pressure elevating effect, since any effect of high dietary salt intake to raise blood pressure should have been magnified in the renal transplant recipients because of their reduced renal mass and their chronic glucocorticoid therapy.
Adult↗
Comparison of Rinkel injection therapy with standard immunotherapy.
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Adolescent↗
Vitamin E supplements and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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Cholesterol↗
Halothane and the carotid sinus reflex: evidence for multiple sites of action.
Baroreceptor reflexes have been found to be attenuated during halothane anesthesia in humans and experimental animals. The baroreceptor reflex arc is comprised for a number of components, including receptors, afferent and efferent nerve pathways, central integratory centers, peripheral ganglia, and effector organs, at which halothane might exert an inhibitory effect. This study was performed to determine the effect of halothane at each component in order to identify the site or sites of baroreflex attenuation due to halothane. The baroreflex effects on heart rate initiated by carotid sinus pressure changes were examined in conscious and anesthetized (0.0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% halothane in 50% N2O and O2, pls 25 mg/kg thiopental) dogs. In addition, carotid sinus afferent activity, cardiac sympathetic efferent activity and heart responses to direct sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent stimulation were examined in anesthetized dogs. Preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve activities were recorded simultaneously during baroreceptor activation to determine ganglionic effects of halothane. All levels of anesthesia significantly (P less than 0.05) attenuated reflex changes in heart rate produced by the pressure changes compared to conscious dogs. Significant decreases in cardiac sympathetic efferent activity were produced at 1.5% halothane (P less than 0.05). The depression in postganglionic activity was significantly greater than that or preganglionic activity, indicating a ganglionic-blocking effect by halothane. Cardiac chronotropic changes produced by direct efferent stimulation of sympathetic and vagal fibers were attenuated significantly by halothane (P less than 0.05). On the other hand, baroreceptor afferent activity was increased at 1.5% halothane. This sensitization of baroreceptors appeared to contribute to decreased levels of sympathetic tone, leading to blunted reflex changes in nerve activity. Therefore, halothane was found to have multiple sites of action, leading to depression of the baroreflex.
Animals↗
Summated circulatory responses of thermal and baroreflexes in humans.
Baroreceptor and thermal receptor mediated reflexes are important neural control systems that can markedly alter blood pressure in humans. These two systems have different afferent limbs and are integrated at different central sites. Although the circulatory effects of activating these individual reflexes have been examined, the effects of simultaneous activation of two or more separate reflexes have received relatively little attention. We used noninvasive methods in 13 normal men (20-27 yr) to examine the responses mediated by cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptors; the reflexes were elicited by alterations in central blood volume [lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and leg elevation (LE)] in the presence or absence of local thermal receptor stimulation induced by hand immersion (HI) in 10 degree C water. During all levels (-10, -25, and -40 Torr) of LBNP and during LE, forearm vascular resistance (FVR) was altered. At the two higher levels of LBNP, stroke volume, cardiac index, and blood pressure (BP) decreased, and heart rate (HR) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) increased. TPR, FVR, and BP increased during HI. Our analyses indicated that responses to combined stimuli, i.e., local cold during LBNP or LE, resulted in simple additive responses in all variables except HR. A central interaction between thermal and baroreflex control of HR is possible.
Adult↗
Factors associated with perioperative complications during carotid endarterectomy.
Records from 166 cases of unilateral carotid endarterectomy were reviewed to investigate the association of certain preoperative and intraoperative factors with perioperative complications including hypertension and hypotension, neurologic deficit, myocardial infarction, and mortality. No myocardial infarctions occurred and mortality was zero. Complications associated with some of the study factors included postoperative hypertension and neurologic deficit. Postoperative hypertension occurred more frequently (a) in patients with poor preoperative blood pressure (BP) control (BP greater than or equal to 170/95 torr) than in those with adequate control (BP less than 170/95 torr) or normotension (52%, 35%, and 17%, respectively, p less than 0.01) and, (b) when additional peripheral vascular disease was present (43% vs 25%, p less than 0.05). The incidence of neurologic deficit was higher when hypertension developed after surgery (20%) than when patients remained normotensive (6%) or developed hypotension (0%, p less than 0.05). Patients whose hypertension was poorly controlled had a greater incidence or transient neurologic, deficit (23.8%) than patients with controlled hypertension (2.5%) or patients with normotension (1.5%, p less than 0.01); permanent neurologic deficit occurred more frequently in those with bilateral disease on angiography than in those with unilateral disease (8.8% vs 1.2%, p less than 0.05).
Carotid Arteries↗
Progression of changes in gastric emptying of hypertonic liquids after proximal gastric vagotomy. An experimental study.
Gastric emptying rates of hypertonic (10%) dextrose liquid meals were studied in five dogs before, and 3, 6, and 12 months after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) without drainage. The purpose of this study was to determine if operation-related changes in emptying rates normalized or became more disparate during the year after PGV. An increased rate of emptying during the first 5 min after ingestion was seen at 3 months after PGV, which significantly increased (P less than 0.025) after 6 and 12 months. The remainder of the meal after PGV emptied at a regulated expotential rate unchanged throughout the postoperative year from its preoperative rate. Total volumes of gastric aspirate at four intervals after meal ingestion did not significantly change across the four test periods in respect to endogenous secretion or pH acidity.
Animals↗
Rinkel injection therapy: a multicenter controlled study.
The American Academy of Allergy sponsored a 2-yr "double blind" multicenter study of the effect of Rinkel injection therapy (RIT) compared with a histamine placebo in subjects with atopic rhinitis. Accumulated data included the symptom, medication, and physical examination scores and specific IgE antibody levels measured by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A total of 155 subjects (81 treated, 74 placebo) entered the project from six centers during their respective ragweed, grass, and mountain cedar pollen (from one center) seasons for a total of 11 pollen seasons. The total mean cumulative dose of extract was 18.6 PNU, which is much lower than recommended for standard immunotherapy. With one exception, none of the centers reported a consistent significant difference between the pollen extract-treated and placebo-treated groups in any of the weekly mean scores or the RAST before, during, and after the pollen seasons. For 4 wk after the height of the mountain cedar season the group treated with pollen extract showed a significant decrease in weekly mean symptom and medication scores as compared with the placebo group. The overall comparison of the mean seasonal scores for the entire study, however, showed no significant difference between the treated and placebo groups. We conclude the RIT is no more effective than a histamine placebo in influencing the weekly mean symptom, medication, and physical examination scores or IgE antibody levels.
Adolescent↗