The response of the horse to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in vivo.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J H Lumsden
Publications and source records attributed to J H Lumsden.
Effects of interferents on the kinetic Jaffé reaction and an enzymatic colorimetric test for serum creatinine concentration determination in cats, cows, dogs and horses.
The effects of acetoacetic acid, acetone, bilirubin, beta-carotene, three cephalospoprin antibiotics, glucose, hemoglobin and lipid on the kinetic Jaffé reaction and an enzymatic reaction for the determination of creatinine concentration were studied in bovine, canine, feline and equine serum. There were no obvious species' differences. The kinetic Jaffé reaction was unaffected by the addition of beta-carotene and hemoglobin. Acetone, cefazolin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur and glucose caused a positive bias while acetoacetic acid, bilirubin, and lipid caused a negative bias when added to the kinetic Jaffé reaction. The enzymatic reaction was unaffected by the addition of acetoacetic acid, acetone, beta-carotene, cefazolin, cefoxitin, glucose and hemoglobin while added lipid, bilirubin and ceftiofur caused a negative bias in the test results. Over all species and interferents, there was no difference in the precision of the two assay methods. In a series of sera from hospitalized patients, the two methods were highly correlated in a linear fashion. The enzymatic creatinine assay deals effectively with most interferents but has a greater cost and shorter shelf-life compared with the kinetic Jaffé reaction.
Acetoacetates↗
Leucocytic changes in cows given intravenous injections of E coli endotoxin.
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Animals↗
The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. III. Neutropenia and myeloid response.
Calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had, at the onset of anemia, a very low total white cell count and neutropenia but with chronicity there was lymphocytosis. Infected calves had a marked reduction in granulocyte mobilization for the first 14 weeks of infection and there was reduced ability to mount an inflammatory response during the onset of anemia. Bone marrow aspiration biopsies showed marked erythroid hyperplasia in response to the anemia with a relative and likely absolute reduction in myeloid precursors and marrow granulocyte reserves.
Agranulocytosis↗
Case report: Macroglobulinemia in a dog.
This report describes a case of macroglobulinemia in a six year old castrate male Collie cross dog with clinical signs of epistaxis, anemia, retinopathy and high serum viscosity. The highest total serum protein was 12 g/dl with approximately 60% monoclonal beta globulin. Proteinuria, Bence Jones protein and osteolytic lesions were not detected.Chemotherapy and partial removal of the plasma protein by withdrawal of whole blood and transfusion with packed red cells from a DEA negative donor resulted in transient clinical remission.
Animals↗
Studies on experimental enteric salmonellosis in ponies.
Clinical, bacteriological, serological and haematological observations were made on 13 adult ponies orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The results were compared to two control ponies and four others infected by accidental transmission. The clinical responses in inoculated ponies included pyrexia lasting four days and neutropaenia during the first five days after inoculation followed by a neutrophilia. Pyrexia and neutropaenia was associated with maximal shedding of organisms in the rectal faeces. Changes in the character of the faeces occurred between one and two days after inoculation and appeared to be associated with the serological response. Serological responses occurred in all the infected ponies except one. At necropsy, of the 14 ponies with positive cultures in the colon, seven had negative cultures in the rectal faeces. Serological studies performed on 43 clinically normal horses indicated a correlation between age and salmonella agglutination titre.
Animals↗
Canine hematology and biochemistry reference values.
Reference hematology and biochemistry values for 53 variables are presented from 51 clinically healthy dogs, 26 female and 25 male, approximately six to 24 months of age and of mixed breed. These dogs were sampled because of their good health status and the opportunity to collect the volume of blood required to complete the variable analysis of interest. Collection of blood specimens and laboratory analysis was done in a standard described manner, the latter including a continuing quality control program. For each variable the data were examined for homogeneity and when present, outliers (n = 9) were excluded. Parametric analysis was used to calculate the reference interval for those variables which had a Gaussian distribution or could be changed to a Gaussian distribution by any of four transformations. For those variables in which Gaussian distribution was not present or attained, nonparametric analysis was used. Due to the small size of the population sample, the uncertainty of breed and the exact age of each dog, breed, age and sex effects were not examined. Reference values should be used to assist interpretation of observations obtained from an animal or animals of comparable origin, i.e. similar subpopulation, and only if the same laboratory techniques are followed. Until each laboratory is able to generate reference values using adequate sample size and current methodology for the numerous subpopulations of interest, reference intervals such as these are useful to clinicians and researchers.
Animals↗
Subchronic toxicity test for two thermotolerant filamentous fungi used for single cell protein production.
Safety evaluations of two thermotolerant filamentous fungi, Cephalosporium eichhorniae 152 (C. 152) and Rhizopus chinensis 180 (R. 180), grown on a sugar-salts medium were carried out through feeding the biomases to rats at 20% or 40% dietary levels for 90 days. There was a control group fed soybean meal. Weight gain and feed consumption for rats fed 20% C. 152 were equal to those for the control animals, but were depressed in the other three groups, especially the rats fed R. 180. All animals appeared normal and healthy except that transient alopecia was found for a short duration in the fungi-treated rats in the initial period. The cause of this lesion is not clear. At the end of the feeding trial, clinical determinations of constituents in blood and urine samples were conducted. The animals were autopsied and weights for four organs were taken. Histopathological examinations for 26 different tissues were carried out. Mild changes were found in both C. 152 and R. 180-treated rats but most of the these were not considered to be related to treatment.
Acremonium↗
Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat.
Vaginal smears from seven cats were examined at two-day intervals for 32 days in order to describe the cyclical pattern of epithelial cells exfoliated throughout the stages of the estrus cycle. Vaginal epithelial cells were classified as parabasal, intermediate and superficial (nucleate and anucleate) cells, and their dimensions were measured for the purpose of definition. The percentages of the epithelial cell populations (i.e. Maturation Index) from Wright's stained smears, were determined at all stages of the estrus cycle. The Eosinophilic Index was estimated on Papanicolaou stained smears. Smears of cats in estrus were populated almost entirely with nucleate and anucleate superficial epithelial cells. Proestrus was characterized by intermediate epithelial cells with increasing eosinophilia, and rare neutrophils. Metestrus was associated with desquamation of intermediate and parabasal epithelial cells, neutrophils and debris. In the anestrus period, groups of intermediate cells and some parabasal epithelial cells were exfoliated. Two cats in the study did not cycle and exhibited anestrus. Of the five cats cycling, eight estrus periods were observed of two to five days duration. The cycles were of 15 to 17 days interval in three normal cats. Two cats did not show a second estrus within 30 days, and were subsequently found to have bacterial growth on the culture of vaginal swabs, however the presence of an initial ovular estrus cannot be ruled out. The rare presence of erythrocytes was associated with vaginal bacterial infections and discharge in two cats.
Animals↗
Chronic enteritis associated with the malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy in the horse.
Chronic granulomatous enteritis associated with weight loss and hypoproteinemia was identified in 2 horses. Both horses continued to have normally formed feces. Malabsorption of carbohydrate and lipid, with concomitant gastrointestinal protein loss was demonstrated in 1 case. One horse was treated symptomatically and gained 108 kg. In both cases, principal gastrointestinal lesions were partial to total villus atrophy and transmural mononuclear leukocytosis, with lymphocytes and histiocytes predominating. The cause of the condition was not identified in either case.
Animals↗
On establishing reference values.
In order to establish a range of reference values for any characteristic one can use Gaussian or nonparametric techniques, whichever are most appropriate. One has the choice of calculating tolerance intervals or percentile intervals. A tolerance interval is said to contain, say 95% of the population with probability, say 0.90. A percentile interval simply simply calculates the values between which 95% of the observations fall. If the data can be said to have a Gaussian distribution, the same precision can be obtained with smaller sample sizes than using the nonparametric techniques. In some cases, data which are not Gaussian can be transformed into a Gaussian form and hence make use of the more efficient Gaussian techniques. In both cases, the data should be checked for outliers or rogue observations and these should be eliminated if the testing procedure fails to imply that they are an integral part of the data.
Reference Values↗
Safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus grown on cassava for use as an animal feed.
A safety evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus I21, grown in a cassava carbohydrate and salts medium, was undertaken. Male weanling rats were fed the fungus at 20, 30 and 40% of the diet for 90 days. A control group was given soybean oil meal as the sole source of protein. Weekly determinations of the body weights and feed consumptions were made. A few days prior to termination of the feeding study, a kidney function test was undertaken on the rats. At the end of the feeding period hematology, blood biochemistry, urine analyses and histopathology studies of various tissues were carried out, and organs were weighed. Rats fed A. fumigatus I21 gained less weight than the controls, but kidney weights were increased. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were not related to dose level. The blood urea nitrogen was increased for the rats fed 40% of the fungus. Rats fed 30 and 40% of the fungus I21 showed a significant drop in albumin. Deficiency in methionine or other essential amino acids through a limited feed consumption may have caused a decrease in albumin synthesis. Rats fed the highest level of the fungus showed increases in neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils which may be a response to stress. The urine analyses did not reveal any significant differences. The test rats were capable of concentrating urine adequately when deprived of water for 24 hours. No significant differences between the control and experimental groups were found by histopathological examinations.
Animal Feed↗
Studies on vitamin E and selenium deficiency in young pigs. I. Hematological and biochemical changes.
Pigs which were deficient in vitamin E and/or selenium had the following parameters weekly determined from six to 13 weeks of age: Packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red cell and white cell counts, red cell indices, reticulocyte count, serum iron, serum total iron binding capacity, myeloid: erythroid ratio, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and creatine phosphokinase activities and body weight. Except for the myeloid:erythroid ratio and serum creatine phosphokinase activity, these parameters were not found to be significantly affected by either vitamin E deficiency, selenium deficiency or deficiency of both. The myeloid:erythroid ratio was increased (p less than 0.01) in association with selenium deficiency, which tends to indicate decreased erythropoiesis but was not reflected in the peripheral red cell picture. Evidence of dyserythropoiesis was not found to be a significant feature in serial bone marrow aspiration biopsies of vitamin E and/or selenium deficient pigs. Even if the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities were not found to be significantly affected by either vitamin E deficiency, selenium deficiency or deficiency in both as compared to replete animals, a few animals, especially in the group deficient in both vitamin E and selenium, presented quite marked transient increases of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity which was interpreted to reflect the occurrence of acute episodes of hepatosis dietetica. Serum creatine phosphokinase activities were found to be increased in association with vitamin E deficiency (p less than 0.01), selenium deficiency (less than 0.05) and the interaction was also significant (p less than 0.01). It was concluded that the serum creatine phosphokinase activity increases reflect the occurrence of subclinical muscular dystrophy and that vitamin E and selenium deficiencies have marked additive effects in the induction of skeletal muscular dystrophy.
Animals↗
Clinical evaluation of blood lactate levels in equine colic.
Blood lactate levels were evaluated in 36 horses (43 cases) presented with colic. A correlation between increasing blood lactate levels and decreasing percentage survival has been shown. An appreciable anion gap was found in 7 of 10 cases analyzed in detail but in each case the entire gap could not be accounted for by lactate alone. Proposals are offered to account for the unmeasured anions. Blood lactate determination is suggested as a prognostic rather than a diagnostic aid for the equine practitioner and should be used to augment other clinical findings in the horse exhibiting colic.
Animals↗
Infleuce of dietary levels of vitamin E and selenium on tissue and blood parameters in pigs.
Eighteen barrows approximately three weeks of age were used in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement to investigate the effect of level of supplemental vitamin E and selenium on tissue and blood parameters. Tissue selenium concentrations increased in a quadratic manner with increased selenium intake with kidney tissue containing considerably greater concentrations than liver, heart or muscle. Supplementation of the diet caused a three-fold increase in serum selenium within the first week with a slight tendency to further increases in subsequent weeks. Serum vitamin E of unsupplemented pigs declined by fifty percent during the experiment, whereas supplemental vitamin E resulted in increased serum vitamin E. There was a considerable viration in percent peroxide hemolysis. Correlation of -0.63 between percent peroxide hemolysis and vitamin E intake and -0.85 between percent peroxide hemolysis and serum vitamin E were observed.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Haemobartonellosis in a dog in association with Coombs' positive anemia.
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Anaplasmataceae↗
Experimentally induced Faciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. I. Clinicopathological and parasitological features.
Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. Clinicopathological features of these infections were determined by analyses of blood samples collected each week from inoculated deer and sheep as well as from two noninoculated animals of each species. One animal in each inoculated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. Compared with the values obtained from noninoculated controls, eosinophilia, hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia occured in inoculated deer. There were no other significant changes in hematological values or in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels. Marked leukocytosis and eosinophilia, with hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and mild macrocytic normochromic anemia characterized the infection in lambs. Although approximately 29% of the inoculum was recovered from the hepatic parenchyma of the sheep, F. hepatica was found in only one of six inoculated deer. A patent infection was established in this deer and constitutes the second report of mature F. hepatica in this host.
Administration, Oral↗
Experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infection in white-tailed deer. II. Pathological features.
Six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and six sheep were inoculated with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. Two animals of each species were given 100, 500 or 2500 metacercariae. One animal in each inocluated group was killed and examined at six weeks postinoculation and the remainder at 15 weeks postinoculation. At six weeks postinoculation the parietal surface of the livers from inoculated deer was covered with gray fibrous plaques and rust colored patches. Fibroplasia with mononuclear cell infiltration characterized Glisson's capsule on the parietal surface. Granulomas were found in the hepatic parenchyma and on the dorsal surface of the lung. Fresh and healing tracks were occasionally found in the liver. In the sheep fibrinous exudate and numerous subcapsular tracks were found on both surfaces of the liver. Inflammatory changes in portal areas and numerous fresh and healing tracks in the hepatic parenchyma were prominent features. At 15 weeks postinoculation inflammatory changes in Glisson's capsule of inoculated deer were less marked than at six weeks but portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were more advanced. A zone of hemorrhage surrounded ducts that contained mature F. hepatica in one deer. The livers from the sheep were rough, pitted and covered with fibrous tags and adhesions to the diaphragm and greater omentum were common. Hemorrhagic tracks were common in the sheep given 500 and 2500 metacercariae. Portal fibrosis and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium were seen in the sheep (100 metacercariae) that harbored mature F. hepatica.
Animals↗