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J Haynes

Publications and source records attributed to J Haynes.

71 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

A comparison of an immunological faecal occult blood test Fecatwin sensitive/FECA EIA with Haemoccult in population screening for colorectal cancer.

Two faecal occult blood tests, a simple chemical test Haemoccult and an immunological test, Fecatwin Sensitive/Feca EIA, were offered to 3,225 asymptomatic individuals as screening for colorectal cancer. One thousand three hundred and four (44%) completed and returned the tests and of these 126 (9.7%) were found to be positive - Haemoccult 40 (3%) and Feca EIA 106 (8.1%). Five cancers (4 Dukes' Stage A, 1 Dukes' Stage C) and 23 adenomas greater than 1 cm were detected - rates of 3.8 per 1000 persons screened and 17.7 per 1000 persons screened respectively. Of the five cancers identified 5 were Feca EIA positive and 3 were Haemoccult positive. Of the 23 adenomas greater than 1 cm diameter identified, J1 were Feca EIA positive and 20 were Haemoccult positive. Seventy-eight Feca EIA positive subjects were investigated and no neoplastic disease was identified. Whilst this sensitive immunological test increases the yield of carcinomas, the high false positive rate makes it unsuitable for population screening for colorectal cancer in its present form.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1983

Constitutive, long-term production of human interferons by hamster cells containing multiple copies of a cloned interferon gene.

Hybrid plasmids containing the mouse dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and a human interferon (either IFN-alpha 5 or IFN-gamma) coding sequence under the control of viral promoters were transfected into dhfr- Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. dhfr+ colonies produced IFN at 10-1000 units X ml-1 X day-1. Clones selected in methotrexate had a 20-50-fold increase in the IFN-alpha 5 and dhfr DNA and mRNA content and secreted IFN at 20,000-100,000 units X ml-1 X day-1. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified 35S-HuIFN-gamma from CHO cells showed a multiple of labeled bands with a mobility corresponding to 22,400 to 23,400 daltons which was absent in the supernatants of non-transformed CHO cells. The higher apparent molecular weight of human IFN-gamma from CHO cells as compared to that of human IFN-gamma from E. coli (about 18,800) suggests that the former was glycosylated.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Structure and expression of human IFN-alpha genes.

Copy DNA (cDNA) was prepared from induced leucocyte poly(A) RNA and cloned in Escherichia coli. IFN-alpha cDNA clones were isolated by subculture cloning with the use of a translation hybridization assay. Definitive identification of the clones was based on the production of an interferon-like protein by the transformed bacteria. Different IFN-alpha cDNAs, with characteristic target cell specificities, were identified. The cloned cDNAs typically encode a mature polypeptide of 166 (or, for IFN-alpha 2, 165) amino acids and a signal sequence of 23 amino acids. A human chromosomal library was screened with IFN cDNA and 17 distinct IFN-alpha-related sequences were isolated and identified, of which 7 proved to be nonallelic authentic genes and 4 pseudogenes; 6 sequences remain to be elucidated. Taking into account the work of Goeddel and his colleagues, 13 non-allelic authentic genes and 6 pseudogenes can be distinguished. In addition, 9 genes believed to be allelic to the 13 authentic genes have been sequenced. The IFN-alpha genes may be classified into two major subfamilies, which diverged at least 33 Ma ago, but perhaps much earlier, if sequence rectification occurred. At least one IFN-alpha gene appears to have resulted by a recombinational event between members of the subfamily I and II. IFN-beta is distantly related to IFN-alpha's and may have diverged from a common ancestor at least 500 Ma ago. Both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes differ from most other genes of higher organisms by being devoid of introns. The mouse was found to possess an IFN-alpha gene family of a size similar to that of man; the murine genes also do not have introns. IFN-alpha genes devoid of their signal sequence were joined to prokaryotic promoters to produce the mature interferons in E. coli in high yield. IFN-alpha 2, purified to homogeneity, has been crystallized by T. Unge and B. Strandberg (Uppsala). Hybrid genes consisting of IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-alpha 2 segments were constructed and expressed in E. coli; the target cell specificities of such hybrids were dependent on the arrangement of the segments and were different from those of either parent. The chromosomal gene for HuIFN-alpha 1 was introduced into mouse L cells to study the mechanism of its expression. Correct transcription was only detected after induction (with Newcastle disease virus); expression was transient, with the same kinetics as those of the endogenous mouse IFN mRNA. Natural murine IFNs and human IFN-beta and IFN-gamma are glycosylated. Because E. coli cells transformed with the genes of eukaryotic glycoproteins are not expected to yield correctly glycosylated polypeptides, we prepared lines of hamster cells permanently transformed with hybrid plasmids, which contained an IFN gene linked to the SV40 early promoter, as well as dihydrofolate reductase as a selective marker. After intracellular amplification of the introduced genes, cell lines were obtained which constitutively produced IFN at about 40 000 units ml-1 and could be propagated for at least several months.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Structure and expression of human alpha-interferon genes.

cDNA was prepared from induced leukocyte poly(A) RNA and cloned in Escherichia coli. Interferon (IFN)-alpha cDNA clones were isolated by subculture cloning using a translation hybridization assay. Definitive identification of the clones was based on the production of an interferon-like protein by the transformed bacteria. Different IFN-alpha cDNAs, with characteristic target cell specificities, were identified. The cloned cDNAs typically encode a mature polypeptide of 166 (or, in the case of IFN-alpha 2, 165) amino acids and a signal sequence of 23 amino acids.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Increased sheep lung vascular permeability caused by Escherichia coli endotoxin.

We infused Escherichia coli endotoxin, 0.07-1.33 microgram/kg, intravenously into chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep and measured pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, lung lymph flow, lymph and blood plasma protein concentrations, and arterial blood gases. Endotoxin caused a biphasic reaction: an early phase of pulmonary hypertension and a long late phase of steady state increased pulmonary vascular permeability during which pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures were not increased significantly and lung lymph flow was 5 times the baseline value. Lymph: plasma total protein concentration ratio during the late phase (0.76 +/- 0.04) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than during baseline (0.66 +/- 0.03). The lymph response was reproducible. Lung lymph clearance of endogenous proteins with molecular radii (r) 35.5 to 96 A was increased during the steady state late phase of the reaction, but, as during baseline, clearance decreased as r increased. The endotoxin reaction was similar to the reaction to infusing whole Pseudomonas bacteria, except that endotoxin had less effect on pressures during the steady state response and caused a relatively larger increase in lymph clearance of large proteins. We conclude that E. coli endotoxin in sheep causes a long period of increased lung vascular permeability and may have a greater effect on large solute pathways across microvessels than do Pseudomonas bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Miniature end-plate potentials in neuromuscular disease: an electrophysiological investigation of motor-point muscle biopsies.

A technique is described for the electrophysiological investigation of motor-point muscle biopsies and the data from 13 biopsies are reported. It was not possible to demonstrate any influence of disease upon the resting potentials of individual biopsies, but resting potentials were in general lower than those reported for limb muscle in vivo. Miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) in clinically normal limb muscle were smaller and more frequent than those previously described in isolated intercostal muscle. In two biopsies from myasthenic patients very small amplitude MEPPs were recorded and, in one of these, MEPPs were also of very low frequency, possibly associated with the severity of the disease. The frequency and amplitude of MEPPs in muscular dystrophy and neurogenic disease have been reported and the possible significance of these findings is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

In vitro staining of intramuscular nerve endings.

A method is described for vital staining of the human intramuscular nerve endings after the muscle biopsy has been removed from the patient. The muscle is transferred from the site of operation to the laboratory in oxygenated physiological saline. Methylene blue solution (0·015%) is injected into the muscle strip, and development of the stain can be observed under the microscope after exposure of the muscle to air. Permanent squash preparations can be made of the stained muscle and these are identical in appearance to muscles stained by injection of methylene blue in vivo.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development, implementation, and evaluation of a medical Spanish curriculum for an emergency medicine residency program.

A 45-hour medical Spanish curriculum for an emergency medicine residency program was implemented in response to a need for "functionally bilingual" physicians in our practice setting, and to reduce reliance on translation assistance from nursing and clerical personnel. Course goals were to achieve a vocabulary level of 5,000-10,000 words for participants, and to achieve sufficient language capabilities for basic information exchange, obtaining uncomplicated medical histories, conducting unassisted physical examinations, and giving patient discharge instructions. Feedback obtained from post course interviews and instructor assessment indicated that the curriculum employed resulted in the attainment of the above goals for fully participating physicians.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Snake bites in Kenya: a preliminary survey of four areas.

Primary data were collected on the incidence, severity and species responsible for snake bites in 4 areas of Kenya: (i) Kakamega and western Kenya, (ii) Lake Baringo and Laikipia, (iii) Kilifi and Malindi, and (iv) northern Kenya. The overall average frequency of snake bite was 13.8 per 100,000 population per year (range 1.9-67.9). The minimum rate of snake bite mortality was 0.45/100,000/year. Thirty-four of the 50 units visited reported no knowledge of death from snake bite in the last 5 years. Possible reasons for the low estimates are discussed. Traditional treatments were common, especially the use of herbal remedies and incisions at the wound site.

Antivenins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nesidioblastosis in sickle cell disease.

Although the endocrine pancreas appears to play an important role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease, very little is known about the morphologic changes in this tissue. Our study was initiated to delineate the microscopic features of the endocrine pancreas in a large autopsy series of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. From more than 650 cases archived at the Centralized Pathology Unit for Sickle Cell Disease (Mobile, AL), 224 autopsy cases were identified for review of clinical and gross autopsy findings and/or for microscopic studies, including histochemical stains (trichrome, reticulin, iron), and immunohistochemical stains (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide). The gross examinations were recorded as unremarkable in 65% of the autopsies. In childhood and adolescence (< or = 18 years), pancreas weights (50.76 +/- 5.16SE gm) were significantly greater (p < 0.0001) than age-matched controls (30.42 +/- 3.59SE gm). In adulthood, pancreas weights (108.34 +/- 5.29SE gm) were not significantly different from controls (110 gm). Microscopic findings included vascular congestion (48%), edema (65%), siderosis (31%), and nesidioblastosis (76%), which included islet cell dispersion (53%), hyperplasia (23%), and hypertrophy (25%). Analysis by age groups suggested that islet cell dispersion/hyperplasia persists unchanged, whereas diameters of compact islets tend to increase with age. These findings may be related to local tissue hypoxia and/or increased metabolic energy needs in sickle cell disease.

Adolescent↗