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Biomedical subjects

J Holcík

Publications and source records attributed to J Holcík.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[The goals, types and criteria of health care].

To assess correctly the targets of health care is a difficult and responsible task. A valuable example of the targets, methods and criteria of health care is the programme of the World Health Organization "Health for All by the Year 2000". The author explains its structure and time schedule individual groups of tasks. The programme should become the basis of a nation-wide effort leading to the improvement of the health status of the population.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. III. Comparison of levels in 2 independent samples].

The authors present two nonparametric tests which can be used to compare the level of a random variable based on two independent random samplings. Wilcoxon's (Mann-Whitney's) test is based on the sum of sequences which are appropriate for individual elements in a common group. In large samples the tested criterium is based on the normal distribution, for small samples a table of critical values is enclosed which makes rapid decision possible. The median test is based on the idea that if two independent random samples are from the same population both samples contain equal numbers of elements above and below the median for the common group of all elements of both sub-groups. The tested criterium to which the median test leads is the chi 2-test or Fisher's test of accurate probabilities.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. I. Introduction].

This is the introductory article of a series of eight where the authors discuss non-parametric methods. They compare the advantages and disadvantages of non-parametric methods with parametric ones. Non-parametric methods can be used in particular where the investigated variables do not have a normal distribution, where the small size of the investigation and the type of classification do not permit to test, when information on the investigated variables are presented by means of rank or normal scales etc. Their disadvantage is a smaller ability to refute the null hypothesis, when it is not correct, as compared with parametric tests.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. II. Comparison of levels in 2 related samples].

The authors present two non-parametric tests which are suitable for comparison of the level of a random variable on the basis of results obtained from two dependent samples. The sign test is discussed which is based on the evaluation of the statistical significance of the difference in the number of positive and negative deviations. The application of this test in practice is facilitated by the enclosed table which gives critical frequencies which still lead to the refusal of the zero hypothesis. The authors discuss also Wilcoxon's test for paired values. This test takes into account not only the trend of deviations but also their magnitude and thus uses more information than the sign test and has thus a greater scope. For this test an auxiliary table of critical values is also presented.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. IV. Comparison of levels in more than 2 samples].

The authors mention two tests for comparison of the level of random variables in more than two random samples. It is thus a question of generalization of methods presented in parts II and III. Friedman's test resolves the position for dependent samples when data assembled during different experimental situations in the same group are to be evaluated. This test calls for a complete series of measurements from every statistical unit, in mathematical terminology this means that the samples are equally extensive. In case of large samples Friedman's test is based on chi 2 distribution; for a small number of samples special tables of critical values are given. Kruskal-Wallis's test resolves the position for independent samples. It is also based on chi 2 distribution.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. V. A probability test using iteration].

The authors give an account of the so-called Wald-Wolfowitz test of iteration of two types of elements by means of which it is possible to test the probability of the pattern of two types of elements. To facilitate the application of the test five percent critical values are given for the number of iterations for left-sided, right-sided and bilateral alternative hypotheses. The authors present also tables of critical values for up and down iterations which are obtained when we replace the originally assessed sequence of observations by a sequence +1 and -1, depending on the sign of the consecutive differences. The application of the above tests is illustrated on examples.

Probability↗
PubMed1990

[Use of nonparametric methods in medicine. VI. Evaluation using dependence by rank].

The authors deal with the evaluation of dependence between two quantitative variables. They analyze Spearman's and Kendall's rank correlation coefficients. The procedure is explained on examples. Decision taking between the zero and alternative hypothesis is made possible by the enclosed tables of critical values. When the number of data is higher than 30, the significance of the two coefficients can be evaluated by means of the testing characteristic with a normal distribution.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed1990

[Health promotion development as the basis for an effective health policy].

Health promotion and development are an essential part of modern and effective health care. It is based on the awareness of social health priority, it tries to develop and apply adequate methods, it is the motive for the promotion of nation-wide activities which foster health. It promotes individual efforts to improve health and contributes to the concretization and implementation of a health policy, the aim of which is to resolve basic health problems of society as a whole.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1989

[The development of theoretical bases of health care is one of the most important priorities].

The standard of the theoretical background determines the quality and effectiveness of health care as a nation-wide system. The author draws attention to the necessity of a rapid development of social medicine in the sphere of information, research, training and management. A feasible starting point is the programme of the World Health Organization "Health for All by the Year 2000".

Delivery of Health Care↗