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Biomedical subjects

J Huisman

Publications and source records attributed to J Huisman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Ileal apparent protein and amino acid digestibilities and endogenous nitrogen losses in pigs fed soybean and rapeseed products.

We investigated the effects of various protein sources on the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and amino acids (AA) and on the recoveries of ileal endogenous nitrogen (N) in pigs. Ileal endogenous N losses (ENL) were measured using the 15N-isotope dilution method. Thirteen pigs (BW of 13 to 20 kg) were fitted with a post-valve-T-cecal cannula and two indwelling blood catheters. They were fed twice daily at a level of 2.6 times ME for maintenance. Cornstarch-based diets contained a soy concentrate (SC; 180.5 g/kg), soybean meal (SBM; 295 g/kg), or a mixture of toasted and untoasted soybean meal (mSBM; 330.4 g/kg) in Trial I or three rapeseed cakes, dehulled-toasted (RC1; 395 g/kg), non-dehulled-toasted (RC2; 458 g/kg), and dehulled-untoasted (RC3; 390 g/kg) in Trial II. The protein sources provided diets with similar levels of apparent ileal digestible CP (108 g/kg as-fed diet) and Lys, Met+Cys, Thr, and Trp. The AID of CP was greater (P < .05) for the SC (86.8%) and SBM (82.8%) than for the SBM (68.1%) diet. In Trial II, the AID of CP was greater (P < .05) for RC1 (76.2%) and RC3 (75.8%) than for the RC2 (69.5%) diet. For all diets, the differences in the AID for most of the AA corresponded to the differences in the AID of CP. The ENL (g/kg DMI) were greater (P < .05) for the mSBM diet (3.75) than for the SC (2.53) and SBM (2.53) diets in Trial I but were similar (P > .05; 2.24, 3.03, and 2.89 for RC1, RC2, and RC3, respectively) among diets in Trial II. We concluded that AID of CP of the soybean diets were associated with endogenous and dietary N losses. For these diets, increased ENL and dietary N losses were associated with a higher dietary trypsin inhibitor activity. For the rapeseed diets, dehulling increased AID of CP and AA, due to reduced ENL (P = .08) and dietary N losses (P < .05). Toasting of dehulled rapeseed cake did not affect the AID of CP and AA (P > .05) while reducing the true ileal CP digestibility (P < .05).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Nitrogen utilization in pigs fed diets with soybean and rapeseed products leading to different ileal endogenous nitrogen losses.

Nitrogen (N) balance was determined in 36 pigs (BW 24 to 30 kg) fed diets inducing different ileal endogenous N losses (ENL). We tested the hypothesis that enhanced ENL may be indicative of a higher recycling of endogenous proteins that will induce a greater urinary N loss and a lower efficiency of the dietary N utilization for retention. The cornstarch-based diets contained either soy concentrate (SC), soybean meal (SBM), a mixture of toasted and untoasted soybean meal (mSBM), dehulled-toasted rapeseed cake (RC1), non-dehulled-toasted rapeseed cake (RC2), or dehulled-untoasted rapeseed cake (RC3). The diets were balanced for their content of apparent ileal digestible (ID) CP (108 g/kg feed) and apparent ID of Lys, Thr, Met+Cys, Trp, and Ile. Feeding level was 2.7 times ME for maintenance per kilogram BWx75 and restricted to 88% of the requirements for ID Lys as the first-limiting amino acid. During a 5-d period, urine and feces were collected daily in metabolism cages. Compared with the SC diet (low ENL), the diets with SBM (medium ENL) and mSBM (high ENL) resulted in a greater (P < .05) urinary N excretion. Nitrogen retention tended to be less (P = .08) in pigs fed diets that caused greater ENL. The utilization of ID N for retention in pigs fed the mSBM diet was lower (P < .05) than for those fed the SC diet. There were no differences in urinary N excretion, N retention, and the utilization of ID N for retention in pigs fed the rapeseed diets of different fiber contents (hulls as the NDF source). We concluded that, at similar intakes of the first-limiting ID amino acid, N retention in pigs fed soybeans tended to be reduced by greater ENL as induced by antinutritional factors (e.g., trypsin inhibitors). Rapeseed hulls, as the predominant fiber source, do not affect N retention and the utilization of ID N for retention.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

The use of 15N-labeled dietary proteins for determining true ileal amino acid digestibilities is limited by their rapid recycling in the endogenous secretions of pigs.

We assessed the use of 15N-labeled dietary proteins as a possible tool for the determination of the true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in pigs. The first experiment was designed to study the dietary N excretion pattern at the ileum subsequent to the ingestion of a single 15N-labeled meal. In a second experiment, we compared ileal endogenous AA outputs and true AA digestibility estimates obtained in pigs ingesting 15N-labeled dietary proteins in a single meal vs. intravenous infusion of [15N]leucine for 10 d during the ingestion of a pea-based diet and a protein-free starch diet. The proportion of endogenous N found in the ileal digesta differed when the label was delivered orally (50%) vs. intravenously (72%) and changed with time. As a consequence, the true ileal AA digestibilities measured with labeled diets were lower. A third experiment demonstrated that this was due to the rapid recycling of labeled dietary N in endogenous moieties, because 15N was found in blood within 10 min of consuming the labeled meal, within 50 min of consumption in pancreatic enzymes, 90 min in bile and 4 h in ileal mucins. We conclude that the use of 15N-labeled meals for determination of true ileal AA digestibilities is limited by the fast recycling of dietary N in endogenous secretions following a single 15N-labeled meal. The accuracy of results will depend on meaningful estimates of AA flow during a limited period and accurate estimates of 15N in AA.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Personality development of adolescents with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a disorder of puberty characterized by absence of spontaneous sexual maturation. 8 male adolescents with this disorder, who were treated with pulsatile GnRH administration, were examined psychologically by means of standardized interviews. Problems were found in the development of independence (specifically relating to own body image and social functioning) and in identity development (particularly on personal characteristics).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Information processing in patients with early and continuously-treated phenylketonuria.

UNLABELLED: A total of 33 patients with early and continuously-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) between 7 and 16 years of age and 33 matched controls participated in a study examining perceptual, central, and response-related mechanisms of information processing. The specific mechanisms studied were: perceptual filtering, memory search, response selection, response execution, and motor presetting. In addition, groups were compared on mean intelligence level and task oriented behaviour. The performance of the PKU patients practically matched that of the controls on all three tasks, suggesting that PKU patients who are continuously maintained on a well-controlled phenylalanine-restricted diet are not impaired in the elementary mechanisms of information processing. Furthermore, groups did not differ in mean IQ or task-oriented behaviour. CONCLUSION: These results underline the importance of continued, well-controlled dietary treatment. Further studies are recommended to obtain a more complete evaluation of the potential of PKU patients under these stricter dietary treatment conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The nutritional significance of endogenous N-losses along the gastro-intestinal tract of farm animals.

In animal production, endogenous protein losses associated with the digestion process are important losses, but difficult to measure. Measuring methods include feeding N-free diets, regression techniques based on amino acid profiles, and separating feed protein and endogenous protein by markers like homoarginine, hydrolysed casein or stable isotopes like 15N. Endogenous losses arise from saliva, digestive enzymes, bile, shedded epithelial cells and mucins and may be extra stimulated by the presence in feeds of antinutritional factors (ANF) such as lectins, trypsin inhibitors (TI), tannins and fibre. The impact of such factors may differ between non-ruminants and ruminants. The magnitude of the effect of the different factors is quantified and some of the consequences for protein deposition and nitrogen losses to the environment are discussed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Effects of hulls of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) with a low or high content of condensed tannins on the apparent ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients and the excretion of endogenous protein in ileal digesta and feces of pigs.

In three experiments (Exp. 1, 2, and 3) with young pigs (BW 10 to 26 kg), the effects of dietary inclusion of hulls of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) (200 g/kg) with a low (< .1% catechin equivalents; LT) or high tannin content (3.3% catechin equivalents; HT) on the apparent ileal (Exp. 1 and 2) and fecal (Exp. 3) digestibility of nutrients were determined. In addition, the true digestibility of protein of the diets and the excretion of endogenous protein (N x 6.25) in ileal digesta and feces of pigs were measured, using the 15N isotope dilution technique (Exp. 3). Diets contained either casein and faba bean cotyledons as highly soluble (HS) protein sources (Exp. 1 to 3) or potato protein, soy concentrate, sunflower meal, meat meal, and fish meal as protein sources with a low solubility (LS) (Exp. 1). Control diets contained cellulose as a fiber source (64 to 73 g/kg). Inclusion of either type of hulls decreased the apparent ileal digestibility for DM, organic matter (OM), and nonprotein organic matter (NPOM) (P < .05). Inclusion of LT hulls instead of cellulose only reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (N x 6.25; CP) in Exp. 3 (P < .05). Inclusion of HT instead of LT hulls reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of CP (by 7 to 10 units) and amino acids (by 4 to 29 units) (P < .05). The LT hulls decreased apparent and true ileal digestibility of CP from 88 to 83 and from 97 to 94, respectively (P < .05). Inclusion of HT instead of LT hulls decreased apparent and true ileal CP digestibility from 83 to 74 and 94 to 90 (P < .05) and increased the excretion of endogenous CP from 22 to 32 and from 13 to 23 g/kg of DM intake at the ileal and fecal level, respectively (P < .05). It is concluded that condensed tannins in faba beans interact with both dietary and endogenous proteins in the digestive tract of pigs. This reduces the true digestibility of dietary protein and increases the excretion of endogenously secreted proteins. Tannins from faba beans show some preference to interact with proteins with a high content of proline and histidine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Association of 1800 cGy cranial irradiation with intellectual function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. ISPACC. International Study Group on Psychosocial Aspects of Childhood Cancer.

Cranial radiation therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has been associated with adverse neuropsychological effects, such as low intelligence. However, records show that these associations usually occur when the dose of radiation used is 2400 cGy. We investigated whether a lower dose of 1800 cGy had the same adverse effects on long-term survivors and whether high doses of methotrexate but no radiation therapy would have a more beneficial effect. We evaluated 203 children for six years in a multi-centre European study. The patients were divided into two groups: 129 children treated with 1800 cGy of cranial radiation therapy and 74 children who received high-dose methotrexate but no radiation therapy. We used full scale intelligence quotient, verbal, and performance IQ tests to assess the patient's intelligence. We found a significant decline in full scale intelligence quotient in the irradiated group that increased with the length of time from diagnosis. Younger age at diagnosis was associated with lower full scale intelligence quotient in the radiated group. Our results indicate that a radiation dose of 1800 cGy can have negative effects on neurocognitive function and we continue to question the benefit of low-dose cranial radiation therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Phenylketonuria and some aspects of emotional development.

Early dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) prevents intellectual retardation and gross neurological impairment although not all neuropsychological problems. This study investigates to what extent the illness and its treatment imposes a burden on emotional development of early-treated PKU patients and on rearing practices of their parents. It is concluded that in early-treated PKU it is particularly difficult to find constructive ways to adapt to the situation for children as well as for parents. As coping with PKU and its treatment is so complicated, paediatric control should be combined with psychocounselling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of condensed tannins in hulls of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) on the activities of trypsin (EC 2.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 2.4.21.1) in digesta collected from the small intestine of pigs.

The effects of condensed tannins in hulls of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) on the activities of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) in digesta obtained from the small intestine of pigs were studied. Using four castrated male pigs (mean body weight 83 kg) fitted with both a simple T-cannula in the duodenum and a post-valvular T-cannula at the terminal ileum, two experimental diets were tested in a Latin square design. The low-tannin diet (LT) contained 200 g faba bean hulls (cv. Blandine)/kg with a low content of condensed tannins (< 0.1% catechin equivalents). The high-tannin diet (HT) contained 200 g faba bean hulls (cv. Alfred)/kg with a content of condensed tannins of 3.5% catechin equivalents. Spot samples of fresh duodenal digesta were taken daily at fifteen time points between 08.00 and 20.00 hours on four consecutive days. Ileal digesta were collected nearly quantitatively on the same days between 08.00 and 20.00 hours over periods of 2 h. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in duodenal digesta did not differ between treatments at any time point (P > 0.05). In ileal digesta of pigs given diet HT the mean activity of trypsin was reduced (P < 0.05). The activity of chymotrypsin in ileal digesta did not differ between treatments. Trypsin activity:chymotrypsin activity was somewhat lower in ileal digesta of pigs receiving the HT diet (P < 0.10). The apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (N x 6.25) was lower for the HT than for the LT diet (0.614 v. 0.728; P < 0.05). Condensed tannins are probably responsible for the lower activity of trypsin in ileal digesta of pigs fed on high-tannin faba bean hulls. Various explanations for the absence of effects of condensed tannins on enzyme activity in duodenal digesta are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Social behaviour and task orientation in early-treated PKU.

In the context of the Dutch Collaborative Study on the Psychological Development of Children, early treated for Phenylketonuria (PKU), data were obtained on children's behaviour as perceived by parents (n = 53) and teachers (n = 57), using standardized behavioural questionnaires. Results are compared with a group representative of Dutch school-aged children (n = 1381) with a matched control group (n = 38), and with a group, to be considered as "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" (ADHD, n = 38). Especially the clusters "negative task orientation" and "extraversion" distinguish between PKU children and controls. In parents' descriptions as well as in teachers' descriptions PKU children score higher in both clusters. Intriguing differences are found between PKU and ADHD. In parents' but not in teachers' descriptions PKU children show signs of negative task orientation almost to a similar degree as children with ADHD, but not of the signs of "negative social behaviour", characteristic for ADHD children. Data are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of early treatment and guidance.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1994

Information processing deficits in children with early and continuously treated phenylketonuria?

Thirty-three patients with early and continuously treated classical phenylketonuria (PKU) and 33 controls matched for age, gender, and educational level of both parents, participated in a chronometric study exploring elementary mechanisms of information processing. Subjects performed speeded performance tasks designed to systematically vary the load on perceptual, central, and output-related mechanisms of information processing. A preliminary analysis of the data indicated that the overall performance of patients with early and continuously treated PKU practically matched that of the controls on all three tasks. Although this finding must be interpreted with caution as it is based on only a preliminary analysis of the data, it suggests that PKU patients who are continuously maintained on a well-controlled phenylalanine-restricted diet are not deficient in the elementary mechanisms of processing. Given the more recent findings indicating that young children with early-treated classical PKU have specific cognitive deficits in the executive function skills, despite relatively strict dietary control, the authors suggest that future studies should focus on these higher-order cognitive processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of level of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal apparent digestibility and ileal nitrogen losses in pigs.

A study was conducted with 20 barrows (average BW 25 kg) to determine the effect of various levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the diet on the apparent ileal nutrient digestibility and ileal diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) content, and consequently on the amount of ileal endogenous nitrogen. The pigs were fitted with a post-valvular T-cecal cannula. They were fed .8 kg/d of a corn starch-based semisynthetic diet formulated to contain equal amounts of protein and starch and 0, 60, 120, or 180 g of purified NDF/kg of diet, included at the expense of glucose. The purified NDF (pNDF) was isolated from wheat bran using an incubation procedure with pancreatin. Ileal digestibility of NDF was approximately 17% and was independent of the pNDF level in the diet. By increasing the amount of pNDF in the diets, apparent ileal digestibilities of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent insoluble N (NDF-N), and ash decreased linearly (P < .05). The DAPA content of the ileal digesta (g/d) was not affected by the percentage of pNDF in the diets. Calculation of the ileal bacterial N excretion indicated that more than 50% of the ileal N was of bacterial origin. With increased percentage of dietary pNDF, both endogenous and exogenous N in ileal chyme were linearly increased (P < .05). Thus, an increase in the dietary fiber content leads to a decreased apparent ileal protein digestibility due to increased ileal losses of both endogenous and exogenous protein.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Variations in national infectious diseases surveillance in Europe.

Because the Maastricht treaty includes a chapter on public health in the European Community (EC) public health surveillance needs to be developed at EC level. To assess the feasibility of EC surveillance we did a survey of national systems in Europe in 1991-92. In seventeen countries (twelve EC plus Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland) the public health institution(s) responsible for surveillance were visited to collect standardised data on surveillance systems for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). Surveillance systems varied widely by type, design, and quality. Although mandatory notification has a place in nearly all countries there is a trend towards voluntary systems based on samples of physicians, clinics, or laboratories. The time unit for reporting ranged from daily to once a year. For mandatory notification systems of STD completeness of reporting varied from over 90% to less than 10% and most countries did not use case definitions. Surveillance data were disseminated through national epidemiological bulletins in twelve countries, and the bulletin was a weekly one in six. The heterogeneity of national public health surveillance systems that this survey has revealed points to the need for a coordinated approach if surveillance at an EC level is to be developed.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

[Consensus therapy of sexually transmissible diseases].

The organization and the management of sexually transmitted diseases shows large differences between general practitioners and specialists and also between specialists in dermato-venereology, obstetrics and urology. Changing insights in epidemiology, growing knowledge in complications, new technology in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases and limited therapeutic possibilities have important implications for the different options in the control of sexually transmitted diseases. By promoting uniformity in strategies for sexually transmitted diseases these consensus guidelines have tried to formulate minimal standards for diagnostic procedures, therapy and follow-up for the most important sexually transmitted diseases.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1993

The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig. 1. Studies with administration of isomalt in the feed.

In a study with twelve pigs of 60-70 kg live weight provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and twelve intact, non-cannulated pigs, the fate of dietary doses of 100 and 200 g isomalt/kg during gastrointestinal passage was examined. From sugar analyses in ileal chyme it was calculated that 0.43 and 0.30 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine with the 100 and 200 g/kg doses of isomalt respectively. From findings on ileal energy digestibility it was calculated that, because of a secondary effect of isomalt on the digestion of the basal diet, isomalt digestibility in the small intestine was distinctly lower. In faeces no sugars were found, so faecal digestibility of isomalt was 1.00 for both doses. The bacterial fermentation in the large intestine of the isomalt not digested in the small intestine caused an increase in the faecal excretion of nitrogen and energy. This increased faecal excretion was hardly (nitrogen) or not (energy) compensated by a decreased urinary excretion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig. 2. Studies with administration of isomalt as a sweet.

In a study with ten pigs of 60-70 kg live weight, provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and sixteen intact, non-cannulated pigs, the digestion and absorption of a dietary dose of 100 g isomalt/kg, and isomalt given between the meals as a 'sweet' on the basis of 50 and 100 g/kg feed consumption, were examined. In all three isomalt treatments slightly less than 0.40 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine when the calculations were based on ileal sugar passage. However, when basing the calculations on energy contents of ileal chyme, only approximately 0.10 was digested in the small intestine. The bacterial fermentation of the isomalt flowing into the large intestine was indicated by a decreased faecal energy digestibility and a slight reduction in faecal dry matter and nitrogen digestibility. The retention of the minerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was not influenced to any measurable extent when isomalt was fed.

Animal Feed↗