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Biomedical subjects

J Hyman

Publications and source records attributed to J Hyman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Valgus instability of the elbow in athletes.

Valgus instability of the elbow in athletes is uncommon among athletes in general, but has a higher incidence in individuals who throw repetitively. When valgus overload injury results in disabling symptoms for the athlete, surgical reconstruction of the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament may be indicated. This procedure has been successful in getting athletes back to premorbid levels of competition. The authors provide a comprehensive review of valgus instability of the elbow and offer their preferred method of treatment.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Epsin 1 undergoes nucleocytosolic shuttling and its eps15 interactor NH(2)-terminal homology (ENTH) domain, structurally similar to Armadillo and HEAT repeats, interacts with the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia Zn(2)+ finger protein (PLZF).

Epsin (Eps15 interactor) is a cytosolic protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis via its direct interactions with clathrin, the clathrin adaptor AP-2, and Eps15. The NH(2)-terminal portion of epsin contains a phylogenetically conserved module of unknown function, known as the ENTH domain (epsin NH(2)-terminal homology domain). We have now solved the crystal structure of rat epsin 1 ENTH domain to 1.8 A resolution. This domain is structurally similar to armadillo and Heat repeats of beta-catenin and karyopherin-beta, respectively. We have also identified and characterized the interaction of epsin 1, via the ENTH domain, with the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia Zn(2)+ finger protein (PLZF). Leptomycin B, an antifungal antibiotic, which inhibits the Crm1- dependent nuclear export pathway, induces an accumulation of epsin 1 in the nucleus. These findings suggest that epsin 1 may function in a signaling pathway connecting the endocytic machinery to the regulation of nuclear function.

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport↗
PubMed2000

An EST-enriched comparative map of Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana.

A detailed comparative map of Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana has been established based largely on mapping of Arabidopsis ESTs in two Arabidopsis and four Brassica populations. Based on conservative criteria for inferring synteny, "one to one correspondence" between Brassica and Arabidopsis chromosomes accounted for 57% of comparative loci. Based on 186 corresponding loci detected in B. oleracea and A. thaliana, at least 19 chromosome structural rearrangements differentiate B. oleracea and A. thaliana orthologs. Chromosomal duplication in the B. oleracea genome was strongly suggested by parallel arrangements of duplicated loci on different chromosomes, which accounted for 41% of loci mapped in Brassica. Based on 367 loci mapped, at least 22 chromosomal rearrangements differentiate B. oleracea homologs from one another. Triplication of some Brassica chromatin and duplication of some Arabidopsis chromatin were suggested by data that could not be accounted for by the one-to-one and duplication models, respectively. Twenty-seven probes detected three or more loci in Brassica, which represent 25.3% of the 367 loci mapped in Brassica. Thirty-one probes detected two or more loci in Arabidopsis, which represent 23.7% of the 262 loci mapped in Arabidopsis. Application of an EST-based, cross-species genomic framework to isolation of alleles conferring phenotypes unique to Brassica, as well as the challenges and opportunities in extrapolating genetic information from Arabidopsis to Brassica and to more distantly related crops, are discussed.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2000

Injury and repair of tendons and ligaments.

Tendons and ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that facilitate stability and motion of joints. Significant dysfunction and disability may result from suboptimal healing of tendon and ligament injuries. Extensive research continues to further understand the complex healing pathways that are involved when these structures are damaged. The combination of advances in tissue engineering, surgery, and rehabilitation will provide new pathways of improving tendon and ligament healing.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Anatomy of the distal knee joint and pyarthrosis following external fixation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the limits of the distal synovial reflection of the human knee joint. SPECIMENS: Six paired knees studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluoroscopic arthrography, and gross dissection. The right knees of five patients with chronic idiopathic knee effusions were studied by MRI. Cadaveric knees were injected with saline prior to MRI. The joint capsules were dissected to visualize local anatomy and check for capsular tears. In each modality (MRI, fluoroscopy, and dissection), the most distal extent of knee synovial fluid was measured. RESULTS: The right versus left agreement for paired specimens was generally two to three millimeters. Some specimens showed asymmetric capsular reflection. Medial fluid was identified at distances greater than forty-nine millimeters from the subchondral bone in seven knees and less than fifteen millimeters in four knees (range 0 to 70 millimeters, mean thirty-three millimeters). Laterally, the range was ten to thirty-five millimeters (mean twenty-three millimeters). In six of the twelve cadaveric specimens, there was evidence of a communication between the knee joint and the proximal tibiofibularjoint. In the knees of volunteers, joint fluid tracked medially to a range of ten to fifty millimeters and laterally to a range of six to fifteen millimeters, with means of twenty-six and eleven millimeters, respectively. The knees of the volunteers had no evidence of tibiofibular joint communication with the knee. CONCLUSION: Insertion of external fixation pins within sixty to seventy millimeters of the proximal articular surface of the tibia is associated with a high probability of synovial penetration and possibly provides a conduit for the introduction of bacteria, which may be etiologic in iatrogenic pyarthrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Dietary and supplemental calcium and the recurrence of colorectal adenomas.

The association between calcium intake and the risk of colorectal neoplasia remains controversial. This analysis prospectively investigated the association between dietary and supplemental calcium intake and recurrent colorectal adenomas. Participants were part of a multicenter, randomized clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins. The study endpoints were adenomas detected between surveillance colonoscopies conducted at approximately 1 year and 4 years after study entry. Baseline intake of energy-adjusted calcium derived from a food frequency questionnaire was used as the main exposure of interest. Calcium supplement use was assessed by semiannual questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence limits, and Poisson regression was used to estimate rate ratios. Subjects in the fifth quintile of dietary calcium had an adjusted odds ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.43-1.22) compared to those in the lowest quintile. Investigation of the numbers of adenomas yielded stronger findings: the rate ratio for the fifth quintile versus the first was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.39-1.02). Dietary calcium seemed to have a greater effect among individuals with a high-fat diet than among those with a low-fat diet; however, the interaction was not statistically significant. Use of calcium supplements was not related to adenoma recurrence. These results suggest that a high calcium intake may be associated with a reduction in risk of recurrent adenomas, especially among individuals on a high-fat diet.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

Empowerment: the right medicine for improving employee commitment and morale in the NHS?

States that in recent years, empowerment of National Health Service (NHS) Trust employees has been given substantial political and managerial support. Examines the extent to which the commitment and morale of staff in two NHS Trust hospitals has altered following the introduction of a raft of techniques under the empowerment label. The researchers interviewed substantial numbers of staff with managerial responsibilities, personnel specialists and conducted written surveys seeking employee opinion. Reports the findings, which confirm that, under empowerment, the work of both managers and staff has become more intensive, but managers claim that their commitment has risen, while for non-managerial employees, severe problems of commitment to the Trust, declining morale and high stress were exposed. Identifies reasons for these difficulties which were: the salience of budgetary and operational priorities; lack of training; resistance to the implementation of empowerment; and recognition that little real authority was being devolved to employees. Concludes that the limited effects attributable to empowerment could be explained by its association with harder-edged manpower policies introduced to meet financial and competitive pressures. Under favourable contextual conditions, empowerment may exert more positive effects.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C antibodies in volunteer blood donors in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence, risk factors, and transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a nontransfused population, particularly in developing countries. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To investigate the association between HCV seropositivity and some demographic variables, a case-control study was conducted on 138 seropositive donors among 4762 consecutive volunteer blood donors and 1101 seronegative controls in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Donors were initially screened by interview for male homosexuality, use of illicit drugs, tattoos, previous transfusions, venereal diseases, and jaundice. Eligible donors were then tested for HCV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A multivariate analysis was performed on age, ethnic group, gender, and prior donation. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HCV seropositivity was 2.89 percent. An increased risk of seropositivity was demonstrated for nonwhite donors at an odds ratio of 2.11 (95% CI, 1.43-3.13), for males at 2.39 (95% CI, 1.01-5.7), and for prior donors at 1.66 (95% CI, 1.09-2.52). The risk of anti-HCV positivity increased markedly with age. Those at highest risk were the group 40 to 49 years old, with an odds ratio of 4.37 (95% CI, 2.39-7.99) versus the group 20 to 29 years old. The group under 20 years old showed an odds ratio of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.06-3.87) compared to the group 20 to 29 years old. These findings were equally significant in a univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HCV seropositivity is strongly associated with male sex, nonwhite ethnicity, and greater age. A significant number of seropositive donors were not detected by screening interview.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Clinical trials of the Northgate SD-3 dual-purpose lithotriptor for renal calculi.

The Northgate SD-3 is a bathless, portable shock wave lithotriptor made in the United States. It uses ultrasound localization and spark-gap, electrode-generated shock waves to fragment calculi in the upper urinary tract. Since October 1987, 312 treatments have been performed on 281 patients (286 kidneys) with stone burdens less than 2 cm. during clinical trials at 6 investigational sites in the United States. A fragmentation rate of 94% was achieved. Of the treatments 78% were judged successful (stone-free or fragments of less than 5 mm. remaining in an asymptomatic patient) and a 3-month stone-free rate of 58% was noted. The retreatment rate was 9% and the ancillary procedure rate was 5%. The complications (hematuria, ecchymosis, pain, obstruction) were mild and not unlike those seen in patients undergoing lithotripsy with other devices.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Acceptance of the mental illness label by psychotic patients: effects on functioning.

Labeling theory predicts that psychotic patients who accept the label of mental illness will function less well than those who reject their diagnosis. Accepted psychotherapeutic theory suggests the reverse. Two predictive models were tested. Results supported the central hypothesis of the psychotherapeutic model but not that of the labeling model, although some elements of the latter model were affirmed. Besides acceptance of diagnosis, an internal locus of control appears important for good outcome in psychosis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

The E. coli Pol A-1 assay: a quantitative procedure for diffusible and non-diffusible chemicals.

A procedure is described for determining the preferential killing of DNA repair-deficient E. coli. Dilute suspensions of DNA repair-proficient and -deficient bacteria are exposed to a graded series of test chemical concentrations. Survivors are determined by enumeration on agar plates. An expression used to express preferential killing (or lack thereof) is shown to be dose-dependent and potentially useful for determining genotoxic potencies.

DNA Repair↗
PubMed1980

A new mutagenic and genotoxic response of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. Activation by singlet oxygen.

Illumination of tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate with visible light in the presence of riboflavin resulted in the formation of a stable product with greatly enhanced genetic and DNA-modifying activities. Because illumination of riboflavin results in the formation of short-lived singlet oxygen, it is assumed that the mutagenic and genotoxic chemical results from a reaction between the flame retardant and singlet oxygen. Since the polluted urban atmosphere is conducive to the generation of this species of oxygen, the present results may, therefore, be relevant to an assessment of the health hazard posed by such an environment.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1979

Xeroradiographic detection of tooth and bone pathology.

Xeoradiography has gained limited use in oral surgery and orthodontics. Its wide exposure latitude, detailed image, and low operating costs recommend its use in general dentistry. In studies on real and simulted hard-tissue lesions, it was found to be slightly superior to conventional radiography in the detection of small lesions. When intraoral plates are marketed and low-KVP techniques are perfected, xeroradiography could assume an important role in dental radiology.

Dental Caries↗