The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: stable or still exploding?
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Disease Outbreaks↗
Biomedical subjects
J J Amon
Publications and source records attributed to J J Amon.
Is HIV/STD control in Jamaica making a difference?
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the comprehensive HIV/STD Control Program established in Jamaica since the late 1980s on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. METHODS: AIDS case reports, HIV testing of blood donors, antenatal clinic attenders (ANC), food service workers, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attenders, female prostitutes, homosexuals and other groups were used to monitor the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Primary and secondary syphilis and cases of congenital syphilis were also monitored. National knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) surveys were conducted in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1994 and 1996. RESULTS: The annual AIDS incidence rate in Jamaica increased only marginally in the past three years from 18.5 per 100000 population to 21.4 in 1997. HIV prevalence in the general population groups tested has been about 1% or less. Among those at high risk, HIV prevalence rates have risen to 6.3% (95% confidence interval 5.0-8.0) in STD clinic attenders, around 10% and 21% in female prostitutes in Kingston and Montego Bay respectively and approximately 30% among homosexuals. Syphilis rates and congenital syphilis cases have declined. The proportion of men aged 15-49 years reporting sex with a non-regular partner declined from 35% in 1994 to 26% in 1996 (P< 0.001). Women ever having used condoms increased from 51% in 1988 to 62.5% in 1992 and 73% in 1994 and 1996 (P< 0.001), while condom use with a non-regular partner increased from 37% in 1992 to 73% in 1996 (P= 0.006). Condom use among men was high over the period: around 81% had ever used condoms and 77% used them with non-regular partners. Gay men, inner-city adults and adolescents aged 12-14 years all reported increases in condom use while condom sales and distribution increased from around 2 million in 1985 to 10 million in 1995. CONCLUSION: HIV/STD control measures appear to have slowed the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica, however a significant minority of persons continue to have unprotected sex in high risk situations.
Adolescent↗
Field experiences: measuring capacity building efforts in HIV/AIDS prevention programmes.
OBJECTIVE: To present a theoretical and practical means for the evaluation of organizational and institutional development (capacity building) in HIV/AIDS prevention programmes in developing countries. METHODS: Multiple frameworks, methodologies and paradigms for the evaluation of organizational and institutional development were reviewed and synthesized, resulting in this proposed pluralistic model for the measurement of capacity building efforts. Traditional forms of capacity building evaluation (self-assessment, case study, outcome, and impact evaluation) are presented and a framework for their integration at the level of interpretation and inference is provided. The review is based on experiences in measuring capacity building in more than 20 countries and 200 projects, ranging from communications and behavior change initiatives to condom social marketing to sexually transmitted disease/HIV clinical interventions with a range of international and local non-governmental organizations and ministries of health. RESULTS: From this experience, we have found that conducting a mixed method evaluation of capacity building efforts allows for a more insightful assessment of capacity building and a more comprehensive evaluation of HIV prevention programmes. CONCLUSIONS: The capacity building conceptual framework developed (linking strategies, variables and outcomes) provides an instructive paradigm for the evaluation of HIV prevention interventions worldwide.
Benchmarking↗