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Biomedical subjects

J J Card

Publications and source records attributed to J J Card.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The HIV/AIDS Prevention Program Archive (HAPPA): a collection of promising prevention programs in a box.

This article describes the methods used and findings obtained in establishing the HIV/AIDS Prevention Program Archive (HAPPA), a collection of effective HIV/AIDS prevention programs in a box. The HAPPA collection builds on a previously established collection of 13 effective HIV/AIDS/sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention programs for adolescents known as PASHA, the Program Archive on Sexuality, Health, & Adolescence. Together, the HAPPA and PASHA collections provide a rich source of 23 promising programs designed to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. The HAPPA and PASHA programs are available for use by communities, schools, family planning clinics, STD clinics, mental health centers, and drug rehabilitation centers throughout the country.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Teen pregnancy prevention: do any programs work?

This paper begins with a review of the problem of teen pregnancy in the United States. Domestic trends are compared with those of other developed countries. Antecedents of the problem are discussed. New developments in addressing the problem are then described, including the following: (a) a renewed emphasis on abstinence on the one hand; (b) a move toward a more positive view of teen sexuality on the other; (c) the development of new prevention initiatives such as STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs, community-wide teen pregnancy prevention collaboratives, broad-based youth development programs, and state and local government initiatives; and (d) the lauching of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. An analysis of the different ways in which the problem can be framed and the implications for solutions of the problem follow. Examples of promising teen pregnancy and STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs are provided. The paper ends with a recommendation for an eclectic approach to framing the problem and possible solutions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The Prevention Minimum Evaluation Data Set (PMEDS). A tool for evaluating teen pregnancy and STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs.

This article presents the Prevention Minimum Evaluation Data Set (PMEDS), a ready-to-use questionnaire or tool for evaluating teen pregnancy prevention and teen STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs. Recognizing the diversity of approaches taken by these programs, PMEDS has two parts. Part 1 contains a primary questionnaire applicable to all programs. Part 2 consists of 15 additional supplementary modules for optional use by programs with a more specific target population or intervention approach that matches the module's content. It is hoped that PMEDS will facilitate the conducting of high-quality evaluations, first by highlighting important aspects of a program model that should be included in an evaluation, such as the demographic profile of the target population, the specific aspects of the intervention or treatment received by each participant, and the short-term outcomes and long-term goals that the program is trying to affect; second, by presenting measures for these evaluation constructs that have been extensively pretested and used in large-scale national studies and for which national comparison norms and data exist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Planning an evaluation and estimating its cost.

Scientific evaluations can provide funders and program administrators with useful input concerning where to allocate scarce service dollars. But evaluation itself is legitimately the subject of cost concerns. What will it cost to get the various potential benefits of a scientific evaluation? What are the evaluation options of a given program, given its budget and the size and expertise of its staff? Where can a program administrator go for consulting help? This article provides a helpful framework for answering these important questions. First, it describes two types of evaluations which vary in both the questions they can answer and in their consequent cost. Second, it delineates and briefly describes the technical elements or steps required by each evaluation type. Third, it describes the nature and potential variability of costs associated with each technical step. Finally, it steers the reader to available sources of expert information and help.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1987

Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men.

To examine the generality of recent findings on PTSD etiology in help-seeking Vietnam combat veterans, replication was attempted with data from a national study of Vietnam-era men that included combat veterans. Use of a Guttman scaling technique for assessing combat exposure was found to be robust for use with a national nonclinical sample as well. In addition, multiple regression analysis was used to examine predictive relationships between premilitary adjustment, military adjustment, combat exposure, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results obtained from the national sample showed the same patterning as that reported from the smaller clinical sample. Combat exposure was related significantly to PTSD symptomatology, while premilitary adjustment was not. A previously identified discriminant function, composed of psychological symptoms not found in the DSM III criteria for PTSD, also was cross-validated.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of PTSD in a national cohort of Vietnam veterans.

At age 36, Vietnam veterans in the high school class of 1963 reported significantly more problems related to nightmares, loss of control over behavior, emotional numbing, withdrawal from the external environment, hyperalertness, anxiety, and depression than did their classmates matched with them on 51 high school characteristics. These problems correspond closely to the disorder labeled post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by the American Psychiatric Association. PTSD was associated with other family, mental health, and social interaction problems. Some environmental variables--e.g., the presence of a spouse or being a churchgoer--were associated with reduced levels of PTSD or with reductions in the degree of association between combat and PTSD. The direction of cause and effect in these associations cannot be ascertained from our data, but it seems plausible to postulate that support factors can and do help some Vietnam veterans with PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Long-term consequences for children of teenage parents.

Data from Project TALENT were analyzed to investigate whether any long-term consequences exist for children of teenage parents. TALENT is a longitudinal national survey of 375,000 individuals who were in grades 9-12 in 1960. TALENT participants born when their mother and/or father was a teenager were compared with their classmates born when both parents were older on a variety of educational, occupational, and social dimensions. Many differences were found, owing primarily to the different social and economic background characteristics of the two groups. Even with the background factors controlled, the children of teenage parents, in comparison to their classmates: (a) showed decrements in terms of academic achievement; (b) were more likely to live in one-parent or stepparent homes; and (c) showed a slight tendency to repeat the early marriage, early parenthood, and higher fertility cycle of their parent(s).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior in a Filipino migrant sample.

The malleability of fertility-related attitudes and behavior was studied by analyzing data collected from cross-sectional groups of Filipino migrants who had lived in the United States for varying lengths of time, in conjunction with data from a comparison group of Caucasians from the Filipinos' neighborhoods. With increasing number of years lived in the United States, Filipino migrants' fertility-related knowledge, attitudes, and desires became increasingly similar to those of the Caucasian group, but their contraceptive behavior did not. While approximately equal numbers of Filipinos and Caucasians were contracepting, Filipino couples regardless of duration of stay in the United States were using less effective methods with less regularity. Despite these contraceptive behavior patterns, Filipino migrants perceived that they would have 0.32 fewer children in the United States than they would have had had they remained in the Philippines. By far the most predominant reason given by Filipino respondents for changing fertility patterns in the United States was the difficulty of obtaining child care in the new environment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The program archive on sexuality, health & adolescence: promising "prevention programs in a box".

The Program Archive on Sexuality, Health & Adolescence (PASHA) identifies programs aimed at preventing pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers, and makes materials from interventions with demonstrated effectiveness available to practitioners around the country. With the assistance of a panel of experts, PASHA has identified an initial group of 15 pregnancy prevention and 15 sexually transmitted disease prevention programs for inclusion in its collection; to date, 24 programs have accepted PASHA's invitation to participate. Once a program agrees to participate, PASHA packages all materials required to replicate or adapt the intervention, along with a user's guide, two evaluation instruments and a directory guiding users to sources of assistance. As additional effective programs are identified and agree to submit their materials for archiving and distribution, they will be added to the collection.

Adolescent↗