PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J J Cole

Publications and source records attributed to J J Cole.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Total energy expenditure in small for gestational age infants.

AIM: To measure total energy expenditure and body composition in small for gestational age (SGA) infants in order to investigate proposed hypermetabolism in such babies. METHODS: A cross sectional study of 52 SGA infants measured at 5 weeks of age was made, using existing data from appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants as controls. The double labelled water technique was used to assess both total energy expenditure and body composition. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that expressing energy expenditure per kg fat free mass adjusts for body composition in infants of this age. The relation between total energy expenditure and fat free mass differed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that for a given fat free mass the total energy expenditure of SGA infants is greater than that of AGA infants. Such data should be taken into account when energy requirements for SGA infants are being considered.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1996

Total energy expenditure in small for gestational age infants.

OBJECTIVE: To measure total energy expenditure and body composition in small for gestational age (SGA) infants, to investigate hypermetabolism. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 52 small for gestational age (SGA) measured at 5 weeks of age, using existing data from appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants as controls. The doubly-labelled water technique was used to assess both total energy expenditure and body composition in both cohorts of infants. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that expressing energy expenditure per kg fat free mass adjusts for body composition in infants of this age. Regression analysis also showed that the relation between total energy expenditure and fat free mass differed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that for a given fat free mass, the total energy expenditure of SGA infants is greater than that of AGA infants. Such data should be taken into account when energy requirements for SGA infants are being considered.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Dysphagia in cerebral palsy: a comparative study of the Exeter Dysphagia Assessment Technique and a multidisciplinary assessment.

Eighteen children with cerebral palsy in a special school, most of whom had feeding difficulties, were studied to compare the diagnostic value of the Exeter Dysphagia Assessment Technique (EDAT) with an exhaustive clinical assessment undertaken by a multidisciplinary team experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia of neurological origin. Four feeding skills were assessed by each method independently, viz. anticipation, intraoral sensory perception, oral-motor efficiency, and pharyngeal triggering. Comparison of the two sets of results showed agreement in at least 78% of the assessed skills. The possible reasons for the few discrepancies are discussed. The noninvasive EDAT equipment was easy to use with the children, who had a range of type and severity of cerebral palsy. The test was undertaken in their familiar surroundings and took 15 to 20 min per child. Interpretation of the results showed that EDAT provided a rapid, reliable diagnostic aid which assisted in the assessment of the degree of feeding impairment within each of the four feeding skills tested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Moral dilemma: to kill or allow to die?

The thesis of this paper is that while allowing a person to die with care can be morally justified in particular cases, the option of mercy killing can never be morally defended. There is a significant moral difference between these two concepts. Furthermore, the wedge argument, the medical fallibility argument, and the medical care and trust argument provide cogent and convincing reasons for maintaining a legal distinction between mercy killing and letting a person die.

Double Effect Principle↗
PubMed1986

An animal model for fungal peritonitis: evaluation of therapeutic options.

An animal model for fungal peritonitis was developed and is described. This model was used to compare various therapeutic options for Candida albicans peritonitis. Twenty-four rabbits were treated on three different protocols. Results from these protocols confirm the clinical observation that removal of the catheter is necessary for successful treatment of fungal peritonitis. Further, the combination of catheter replacement and imidazole anti-fungal therapy appears to be curative in this animal model, and suggests that by using this protocol, discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis may not be necessary.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of four methods of cleaning hollow-fiber dialyzers for reuse.

Four methods of cleaning hollow-fiber artificial kidneys (HFAKs) for reuse were compared in a prospective study. Each cleaning method was randomly assigned and HFAKs were reused until volume loss was greater than or equal to 15 ml, unless discarded for other reasons. HFAKs cleaned with 0.3 M sodium hydroxide averaged 14.5 uses, significantly better (p less than 0.01) than reverse ultrafiltration (6.4 uses), 3% hydrogen peroxide (5.7 uses), or water flush (4.7 uses). Only 1 of 10 HFAKs cleaned with NaOH was discarded owing to volume loss, whereas 25 of 30 HFAKs cleaned by the other methods were rejected for this reason. To relate changes in solute clearance to volume loss, urea and creatinine clearances were determined on HFAKs cleaned by water flush. By the fifth use the average volume had declined to 86.3% of original, but creatinine and urea clearances were reduced, respectively, to 97 and 95% of the original values.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1984

Barium-induced electro-mechanical uncoupling in myocardial cells.

The heart of the adult moth Hyalophora cecropia requires extracellular calcium to maintain electrogenesis as well as tension development. In this study we ask whether the processes of autorhythmicity, driven electrogenesis and tension development require calcium specifically or whether the divalent cation Ba2+ can be substituted for calcium to support these activities. Ba2+ substituted for Ca2+ in equimolar amounts caused a marked (25 mV) hyperpolarization, suppression both of pacemaker activity and of tension development in spontaneously beating semi-isolated heart cells. Heart cells bathed in Ba2+ saline and paced by action potentials (produced by external stimuli) of greatly increased amplitude, prolonged phase 2 (plateau) and increased latency, and after 30 min, no mechanical activity was observed. These changes were completely reversible when calcium was reintroduced. We conclude that Ba2+ substitution for Ca2+ is an effective electromechanical uncoupler in moth heart cells. Although Ba2+ can support electrogenesis, it cannot replace 'trigger'-Ca2+ needed to release calcium from sarcoplasmic stores to effect tension development.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

Long-term blood access by catheters implanted into arteriovenous fistulas of sheep.

Reliable long-term blood access in sheep was provided by implanting one or two catheters into the high velocity blood flow in the vein draining an arteriovenous fistula created in the neck. Thrombosis of the catheterized vein occurred in only one of 31 cases in which a catheter with rounded intravascular tip was used, as compared with seven in 10 cases using a sharp-tipped catheter. The mean duration of placement for all rounded-tip catheters was 228.6 days. Extrusion from the vessel occurred with 3 of 8 short catheters (2 cm intravascular length), but only after a period of more than seven months of implantation. Using a program of trice-weekly disinfection of the skin exit site, exterior portion of the catheter, and catheter lumen resulted in failure of only two catheters due to infection. Rounded-tip catheters with 5 cm intravascular length had 75% life table functional rate at 15 months. Implantation of two catheters permitted extracorporeal circulation at flows of up to 300 ml/min using a blood pump to withdraw blood from one catheter while simultaneously returning it through the second.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Action potentials in macrophages derived from human monocytes.

The electrical activity of macrophages derived from human blood monocytes was recorded in vitro with intracellular microelectrodes and was analyzed with computer-assisted data acquisition and analysis techniques. In cells impaled 6 to 8 days after the cultures were prepared, the resting potentials reached a maximum value of -72 millivolts. The cells were electrically excitable; spikes exhibited a slow upstroke, a fast downstroke, a discrete threshold, a large overshoot, and a brief undershoot. Repetitive firing was induced by a maintained depolarizing current. A positive relation was observed between transmembrane currents and resting potential. Voltage-current relations were nonrectifying for subthreshold current injections. Since these cells had not been treated with any specific activation factors, the electrical activity recorded is evidence for the presence of voltage-dependent inward and outward currents in the membranes of mature macrophages. The electrical signals generated by these cells may be useful for the assay of sensor and effector functions of macrophages, such as chemotaxis, receptor-ligand interactions, and phagocytosis.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1982

Evidence that phentolamine is not an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake.

1. Tracheal segments from guinea-pigs pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine were incubated in isoprenaline at 37 degrees C for 5 min in the absence or presence of phentolamine. Catechol-O-methyl transferase was inhibited by 100 mumol l-1 U-0521. Tissues were prepared for fluorescence histochemistry and accumulated isoprenaline in trachealis smooth muscle cells (fluorescence) was measured by microphotometry. 2. Phentolamine, in concentrations up to 100 mumol l-1, had no effect on isoprenaline fluorescence. 3. It is concluded that phentolamine does not inhibit extraneuronal uptake in concentrations used to block alpha-adrenoceptors in isolated tissue experiments. Thus, is can be present in experiments designed to examine the effects of extraneuronal uptake inhibitor drugs on beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Calcium spike electrogenesis and other electrical activity in continuously cultured small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Spike electrogenesis, local depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses, spontaneous rhythmic firing, and alternating resting potentials were measured in cells from a continuously cultured small cell carcinoma of the lung. Spike generation was blocked by MnCl2. In view of this evidence for calcium-spike electrogenesis and previous evidence of secretory activity in these cells, this cell line (DMS 53) can provide a model for the study of excitation-secretion behavior in human neoplastic cells.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

A study designed to explore the hypothesis that beta-1 adrenoceptors are "innervated" receptors and beta-2 adrenoceptors are "hormonal" receptors.

It has been demonstrated that the chronotropic responses to sympathomimetic amines in rat atria were mediated only by beta-1 adrenoceptors. This was like guinea pig (beta-1) but unlike cat (beta-1 and beta-2). Extraneuronal uptake of isoproterenol into rat atrial myocardial cells was detected by fluorescence histochemistry but uptake was less than was seen in cat atria. Furthermore, it did not modulate responses of rat atrial preparations to isoproterenol. The lack of specific extraneuronal uptake in guinea-pig atrial myocardial cells was confirmed. Collation of data on the atria of these three species with data already available on guinea-pig trachea allowed the following conclusions. All four tissues contained a population of beta-1 adrenoceptors and were adrenergically innervated. Beta-2 adrenoceptors were present in cat atria and guinea-pig trachea and these tissues possessed a functionally effective extraneuronal metabolizing system for catecholamines. Beta-2 adrenoceptors were not detected in guinea-pig or rat atria and in these tissues extraneuronal uptake was either absent (guinea pig) or not functionally effective (rat). It is suggested that these data could support the hypotheses that 1) beta-1 adrenoceptors are "innervated" receptors mediating responses to neuronally released norepinephrine, whereas beta-2 adrenoceptors are "hormonal" receptors mediating responses to circulating epinephrine and 2) extraneuronal metabolizing systems are of particular importance in the dissipation of circulating catecholamines acting on beta-2 adrenoceptors.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1980

Spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic potentials in an embryonic neuromuscular system of the lobster, Homarus americanus.

The embryonic motor innervation to the deep extensor abdominal muscles was studied in lobster eggs in which reflex twitches and tail flips could be evoked by mechanical stimulation in early embryos. Recordings from impaled fibers during early and later stages of embryonic development revealed spontaneous depolarizing and hyperpolarizing potentials, suggesting the presence of excitatory and inhibitory axons. Stimulation of the extensor motor innervation produced a variety of EPSPs and IPSPs. The depolarizing responses included small and large EPSPs and nonovershooting spikes. Although moderate facilitation of the EPSP was sometimes observed, defacilitation was observed in the majority of fibers of all stages. Spiking could not be evoked by motor axon stimulation in embryos of early stages. These findings indicate that from the outset the deep abdominal extensor neuromuscular system of the lobster is phasic in its response to nerve stimulation and is functional as part of the tail flip reflex at least six months before hatching.

Action Potentials↗