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Biomedical subjects

J J Giambrone

Publications and source records attributed to J J Giambrone.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Effects of aflatoxin on young turkeys and broiler chickens.

The effect of crude aflatoxin (AF) on the growth, performance, and immune response of turkeys and broilers was studied. Crude AF, produced from a natural outbreak of Aspergillus flavus on corn, was ground and mixed in rations to contain either 0, 100, 200, 400, or 800 ppb of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Turkeys (Experiment 1) and broilers (Experiment 2) were used in identical experimental designs. In each, 200, 14-day-old birds were divided equally by sex into five groups of 40 and were fed one of five AF diets for 35 days. In Experiment 1, crude AF greater than or equal to 400 ppb was highly toxic to turkeys. These levels produced signs and lesions of aflatoxicosis as well as a significant decrease in weight gain and feed conversion during 5 weeks. In addition, microscopic lesions, indicative of aflatoxicosis, were evident as low as 100 ppb, and significant decreases in cell-mediated immunity were noted in the 200 ppb group birds. Experiment 2 indicated that chickens were less susceptible to crude AF than turkeys. Neither morbidity nor mortality occurred in broilers. Gross lesions consistent with AF toxicity were evident in birds given 800 ppb and microscopic lesions were observed in birds given 100 ppb. Feed conversion was significantly increased in the 800 ppb broilers only. Cell-mediated immunity, measured by a delayed hypersensitive skin test, was significantly decreased in broilers receiving AF at 200 ppb or greater. Neither humoral immunity nor the development of the acquired immunity to Newcastle disease or fowl cholera vaccination were decreased in turkeys or broilers given AF.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1984

Adoptive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity and protective immunity to Eimeria tenella with chicken-derived transfer factor.

Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and protective immunity were transferred to nonimmune 4- and 10-week-old broiler chickens with transfer factor (TF) prepared from splenic leukocytes of chickens immunized with CocciVac D. Only chickens injected with the immune TF showed DH by wattle reaction to oocyst antigen and protective immunity to Eimeria tenella challenge infection. Chickens given a single injection of TF 5 days before challenge infection exhibited a significant (P less than .05) DH response at the time of infection. Immune TF preparations were active at concentrations of 100, 200, or 400 mg. Neither DH nor protective immunity was transferred to chickens injected with the TF-diluent control or nonimmune TF. The nonimmune TF was prepared from chickens kept free of coccidial infection. These findings indicated that TF prophylaxis produced beneficial results in nonimmune chickens by conferring some protection against challenge with E. tenella. The effects of TF on T-lymphocyte mediated protective immunity to coccidia in chickens are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Development of cell-mediated immunity and resistance to clinical coccidiosis infection in chickens selected for resistance and susceptibility to Eimeria tenella.

The development of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and resistance to clinical coccidiosis was determined in Auburn Strain Leghorn chickens previously selected for resistance and susceptibility to Eimeria tenella. Auburn Strain Leghorns selected for resistance (R Line) developed CMI and resistance to E. tenella challenge 2 weeks after receiving a commercial coccidiosis vaccine (CocciVac D). In contrast, Auburn Strain Leghorns selected for E. tenella susceptibility (S Line) did not develop significant CMI or resistance to clinical challenge infection until 6 weeks after receiving CocciVac D. The CMI was measured by the ability of chickens to develop a delayed hypersensitivity (DH) skin test response to an Eimeria oocyst antigen extract. Resistance to coccidiosis challenge infection was measured by percent weight gain, lesion scores, fecal scores, mortality, and oocyst output per gram of cecal contents at 7 days after challenge. Our research indicates that there is a strong correlation between innate resistance to coccidiosis and the ability of the chicken to recognize and mount a DH response to the parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Adoptive transfer of delayed wattle reactivity in chickens with a dialyzable leukocyte extract containing transfer factor.

Delayed wattle reactions (DWR) to tuberculin, diphtheria toxoid (DT), and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were transferred to chickens with dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) prepared from splenic leukocytes of chickens sensitized and reactive by DWR to the tuberculin, DT, or KLH. A DLE prepared from chickens unsensitized and unreactive to tuberculin by DWR failed to transfer DWR to tuberculin in recipients. Only chickens injected with DLE from tuberculin sensitized and reactive chickens exhibited significant (P less than .01) DWR to tuberculin. Chickens that received DLE prepared from DT sensitized and reactive chickens exhibited significant (P less than .01) DWR to DT but not to KLH. Further, DWR to both DT and KLH was transferred with DLE prepared from chickens sensitized to both antigens. Adoptive transfer of DWR to KLH in comparison to DT was more successful. Finally, the serial transfer of DWR to KLH (P less than .05) but not to DT (P greater than .05) was accomplished using DLE prepared from chickens that previously were recipients of DLE prepared from chickens sensitized to KLH and DT. Results indicate that DLE prepared from chickens contain transfer factor (TF) responsible for adoptive transfer of DWR to tuberculin, DT, and KLH.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Field trials with an oil emulsion infectious bursal disease vaccine in broiler breeder pullets.

Two independent field trials were undertaken with commercial broiler companies in separate sections of Alabama in order to test the efficacy of an experimental commercially prepared oil emulsion infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine in broiler breeder pullets. The IBD vaccine was tested both for safety and the production of neutralizing antibodies in pullets and their progeny as well as its ability to prevent early field exposure to virulent IBD virus (IBDV) in broiler progeny that may lead to immunosuppression resulting in poor performance. The following was demonstrated in both trials: 1) the IBD vaccine had no adverse effect on breeder performance, 2) the IBD antibody titers in breeders peaked at 10 weeks postvaccination (PV) and remained about 1.5 to 4 times higher than nonvaccinated breeders through 25 weeks (PV), 3) 1-day IBDV maternal titers in broilers were related to the parental titers, 4) the IBD vaccination in pullets prevented early infection to field IBDV in progeny as determined by antibody titers and various performance parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Laboratory evaluation of the immune response of young broiler chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease under field conditions.

Four experiments were conducted to examine the efficiency of 4 different Newcastle disease (ND) field vaccination programs. For all experiments young broiler chickens were obtained from breeder flocks regularly vaccinated against ND. The following vaccination programs were tested: 1) vaccination at 1 day of age; 2) vaccination at 1 and 20 days of age; 3) vaccination at 7 days, and 4) vaccination at 12 days of age. In all experiments, 10 randomly chosen birds from each of 6 farms that were commercially vaccinated plus 10 nonvaccinated control birds were bled just prior to vaccination and the farms separated into 2 groups based on the birds' mean NDV hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers. At various times after vaccination, sera from 10 different birds from each of the 6 farms and 10 nonvaccinated birds were assayed for HI titers and then challenged with virulent NDV to establish disease resistance. Serologic and challenge data indicated that the majority of chickens from any one of the 4 vaccination programs produced measurable HI titers and were refractory to challenge. However, the greatest serologic response and best resistance to clinical ND were found in birds with relatively low levels of maternal immunity at the time of initial vaccination and in birds receiving a booster vaccination at 20 days of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Influence of hormonal and chemical bursectomy on the development of acquired immunity to coccidia in broiler chickens.

The effect of bursectomy on the development of acquired immunity to coccidiosis in young broiler chickens was examined. Bursectomy was produced by a combination injection of testosterone at 12 days of embryonation and cyclophosphamide at 1 and 2 days after hatching. Immunity to coccidiosis developed in bursectomized chickens immunized with commercially prepared vaccine (CocciVac D) as were measured by resistance to challenge infection at either 6 or 10 weeks of age. Bursectomy had no marked effect on the development of cell-mediated immunity as measured by delayed type hypersensitivity to coccidial oocyst. Since the cell-mediated immune response was not inhibited in the bursectomized chickens, this response was necessary for the development of acquired immunity to coccidiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Chicken coccidiosis: correlation between resistance and delayed hypersensitivity.

Broiler chickens were immunized with viable oocysts of Eimeria necatrix, E. tenella, or with a commercially prepared vaccine (CocciVac D) containing oocysts from eight chicken Eimeria species. Before challenge with oocysts of E. necatrix or E. tenella, delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to particulate-oocyst antigen extracts of E. nectrix, E. maxima, and E. tenella were demonstrated in the previously immunized broilers. Broilers immunized, tested for DH, and challenged showed good corrrelation between DH reactions and resistance in each homologous trial. Birds immunized with CocciVac D also gave good correlation between DH reactions to E. maxima, E. necatrix, or E. tenella antigens and resistance when challenged with E. necatrix or E. tenella oocysts. Oocyst antigens from E. maxima, E. necatrix, or E. tenella were cross reactive for DH, indicating some antigen sharing among species of chicken coccidia. A few broilers immunized with chicken coccidia showed DH to an oocyst antigen from E. bovis, a cattle pathogen. Results show that DH to oocyst antigens can predict resistance to coccidiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of early infectious bursal disease virus infection on immunity to Newcastle disease in adult chickens.

Experimental infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at hatching or at 3 weeks of age in White Leghorn chickens without maternally derived antibodies to IBDV resulted in a depression in the antibody response of chickens to Newcastle disease vaccination (NDV) at 4 weeks of age and increased the susceptibility of those birds to challenge with virulent NDV. Infection of non-IBDV immune chickens with IBDV at hatching, but not at 3 weeks of age, also depressed the antibody response of chickens vaccinated at 18, 30, or 42 weeks of age, but had no effect on the susceptibility of those birds to challenge with virulent NDV. Prior exposure to IBDV did not alter disease resistance afforded a bird by NDV vaccination at 18, 30, or 42 weeks of age. However, IBDV infection at hatching did render chickens that were not vaccinated against ND more susceptible to challenge with virulent NDV at 21, 33, or 45 weeks of age than unvaccinated birds which were not infected with IBDV or unvaccinated chickens infected with IBDV at 3 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

A comparative pathogenesis of two Mareks disease virus isolates.

The pathogenesis of the JM and GA isolates of Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection was compared by studying the sequential tissue distribution of MDV associated antigens with gross and microscopic lesions in infected chickens. With both MDV isolates the initial sites of viral replication were the lymphoid organs, skin, and featers. Both the GA and JM isolates were viscerotropic as demonstrated by the presence of MDV antigens with gross and microscopic changes occurring in several visceral organs. The JM isolate was more neurotropic and had a greater affinity for the gonads than the GA isolates as evidenced by an early detection of MDV antigens and severe pathology in the peripheral nerves and gonads.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of aflatoxin on the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems of the chicken.

Chickens fed 2.5 microgram of aflatoxin/g of diet from 2 to 4 weeks of age or from hatching to 4 weeks were deficient in cell-mediated immunity, as measured at 4 weeks of age by the graft-versus-host reaction. Delayed-type hypersensitive skin reactions to tuberculin were also reduced in chickens given dietary aflatoxin from hatching to 7 weeks of age. Humoral immunity, as measured by the ability of 4-week-old chicks to produce natural agglutinins to rabbit red blood cells, was not significantly altered by dietary aflatoxin. A significant decrease in concentrations of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG and IgA, but no IgM, however, did occur in chicks given dietary aflatoxin from hatching to 4 weeks or between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Aflatoxin consumption from 0 to 2 weeks of age produced no marked effect on either cell-mediated or humoral immunity in 4-week-old chicks.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of the efficacy and transmissibility of conventional NDV vaccines and vaccines prepared after back-passage through chickens.

In laboratory trials B1 and Lasota stains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) back-passaged in chickens were found to have a greater spreading potential than presently available B1 and Lasota vaccines. Although the regular B1 and Lasota strains of NDV gave a routine serologic response when administered to 4-week-old chickens via the water, both vaccines had a low spreading potential since the geometric mean titer of the birds in contact with the B1 vaccinated birds did exceed 3.4 and the HI response of the nonvaccinated birds placed with the Lasota vaccinated birds did not exceed 4.1. The results from this study also indicate that these back-passaged vaccines elicit higher HI titers and are possibly more invasive than the regular B1 and Lasota vaccines. The data also suggest that the Lasota strain possesses a slightly greater spreading potential than the B1 strain of NDV.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Effect of infectious bursal disease on the severity of Eimeria tenella infections in broiler chicks.

A study was initiated to determine whether prior exposure to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) influenced the susceptibility of young broiler chicks to Eimeria tentella infections. When one-day-old chicks infected with IBDV were subsequently challenged with E. tenella at 7 days of age, they suffered significantly higher mortality and lesion scores than their hatchmates which were not exposed to IBDV. Initial exposure to IBDV also had an effect on the development of E. tenella induced hemorrhaging. Hemorrhaging commenced late on the third day following E. tenella inoculation in chicks infected with both IBDV and E. tenella, while bleeding did not occur in the E. tenella alone group until late on the fourth day post-coccidial challenge. No significant differences in weight gains at 7 or 14 days after E. tenella infection were observed between chicks receiving the double infection and those given only E. tenella.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of infectious bursal disease virus on the immunological responsiveness of the chicken.

The immunological response of chickens infected at 28 days of age with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was examined. Cellular immunity was studied by the graft-versus-host reaction and delayed type hypersensitivity skin reactions to tuberculin. Antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (S-RBC's) were tested by a direct hemagglutination test. Circulating levels of immunoglobulins (Ig's) IgM, IgG and IgA were monitored by the radial immunodiffusion test. The results of the graft-versus-host reaction and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions were similar for both the infected and control chicks. IBDV significantly reduced the primary antibody response to S-RBC's, but had no marked effect on the secondary antibody response. Chicks infected with IBDV had normal levels of serum IgM and IgG, but significantly lower levels of IgA when compared to uninfected control birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of infectious bursal disease on the response of chickens to Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus.

At 35 days of age, chickens which as 1-day-old chicks were inoculated with the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) had significantly lower antibody titers against Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus than did those never inoculated with IBDV. The IBDV also had a marked effect on the development of air-sac lesions. Birds infected with IBDV that were later inoculated with M synoviae (day 14), Newcastle disease virus (days 14 and 28) experienced an increased incidence and greater seversity of airsacculitis than did chicks which were not exposed to IBDV.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1977

Specific suppression of the bursa-dependent immune system of chicks with infectious bursal disease virus.

Chicks which had been inoculated with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day of age had a severe depression of bursa-dependent humoral immune functions by day 42. Antibody responses against rabbit red blood cells or to immunization with bovine serum albumin were significantly suppressed. In contrast, chicks inoculated with IBDV at 21 days of age produced near normal antibody responses as compared with the responses in noninfected control chicks. The IBDV had no significant effect on the thymus-dependent cellular responses as measured by skin graft rejection or delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Long term studies comparing the efficacy of cell-free versus cell-associated HVT vaccines against Marek's disease.

In long-term field trials lasting approximately 12 months attempts were made to determine whether the cell-free HVT vaccine was as effective in reducing MD losses as the cell-associated HVT vaccine. Four trials were conducted in which flocks were vaccinated with either the cell-free or the cell-associated HVT vaccine. The cell-free HVT vaccine was as safe and effective in preventing MD as the cell-associated HVT vaccine. Although there were some losses due to MD in all flocks, there were also losses due to lymphoid leukosis, multiple hemangioma, liposarcoma or coccidiosis. Egg production was essentially the same in flocks vaccinated with the cell-free HVT vaccine as in those vaccinated with the cell-associated HVT vaccine.

Animals↗