Pathogenicity of enteroadherent Escherichia coli in adult volunteers.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
J J Mathewson
Publications and source records attributed to J J Mathewson.
Efficacy of bicozamycin in preventing traveler's diarrhea.
Bicozamycin was compared with a placebo in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the prevention of acute diarrhea among 30 American travelers newly arrived in Guadalajara, Mexico. None of the 11 subjects given bicozamycin orally for 3 wk at a dosage of 500 mg four times a day developed diarrhea as compared with an incidence of 53% diarrhea (10 of 19 subjects) in the placebo group (p = 0.003). Bicozamycin was well tolerated. Studies of changes in predominant aerobic fecal flora among the 11 subjects treated with bicozamycin showed the appearance of only one highly resistant Citrobacter freundii at the end of 1 wk of therapy and only a total of six resistant isolates at the end of 3 wk. All resistant isolates failed to transfer this resistance to a recipient Escherichia coli. Bicozamycin seems to be well suited and safe as a prophylactic agent against traveler's diarrhea.
Acute Disease↗
A newly recognized cause of travelers' diarrhea: enteroadherent Escherichia coli.
Adherence to HEp-2 tissue culture cells has been proposed as a virulence characteristic of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). A preliminary study revealed that E. coli that adhered to HEp-2 cells, but did not produce conventional enterotoxins and did not belong to recognized EPEC serogroups, could be isolated from adults from the United States who acquired diarrhea in Mexico. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of these enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) in 188 travelers with diarrhea and in 92 well travelers. EAEC were found in 14.9% of patients with diarrhea and in 7.6% of well individuals. Compared with well travelers, patients with diarrhea in whom no recognized enteropathogen could be identified had a 30.4% prevalence of EAEC (P less than .0003). These results further support our finding that EAEC are associated with diarrhea in travelers to Mexico and may help to explain the effect of antibiotics in the prevention and therapy for travelers' diarrhea in patients with no recognized bacterial enteropathogens.
Adhesiveness↗
Shiga-like cytotoxin production by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroups.
The mechanism by which enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) cause disease remains to be defined. We studied EPEC and non-EPEC strains of E. coli from stool specimens obtained from infants and adults for production of Shiga-like cytotoxin. Although it was common for healthy infants and adults to have cytotoxin-producing E. coli as part of the fecal flora, Shiga-like cytotoxin was detected more commonly and in greater amounts among EPEC than among other fecal E. coli. These results suggest a role for Shiga-like cytotoxin in the pathogenesis of EPEC-related gastroenteritis.
Adult↗
Enteroadherent Escherichia coli associated with travellers' diarrhoea.
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Diarrhea↗
Plasmid-mediated resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Salmonella krefeld strains isolated in the United States.
Two types of transmissible plasmids which encode resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were found among five animal isolates of Salmonella krefeld. This is the first report of plasmid-mediated resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Salmonella strains isolated in the United States.
Animals↗
Comparative in vitro activities of ten antimicrobial agents against bacterial enteropathogens.
The in vitro susceptibilities of 50 strains of Salmonella spp., 80 strains of Shigella spp., and 50 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 14 Yersinia enterocolitica, 6 Aeromonas hydrophila, 4 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 9 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 30 Campylobacter jejuni strains that were recently isolated from worldwide sources were determined for 10 antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial agents tested included ampicillin, bicozamycin, doxycycline, enoxacin (CI-919), erythromycin, furazolidone, amdinocillin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ampicillin resistance occurred frequently in strains of Salmonella and Shigella spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains. The most active agents against all of the bacteria tested were enoxacin and norfloxacin. Furazolidone and amdinocillin were also highly active against the majority of strains. Trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were inhibitory at low concentrations against all test except C. jejuni isolates. The in vitro results of this study confirm the high prevalence of bacterial resistance to ampicillin. However, this work also identifies four antimicrobial agents, enoxacin, furazolidone, norfloxacin, and amdinocillin, that would be appropriate for further testing in clinical trials.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Evaluation of filters for recovery of Campylobacter jejuni from water.
Campylobacter jejuni has been incriminated in several large waterborne outbreaks, but it has rarely been isolated from water itself. Better methodology is needed for the isolation of C. jejuni from water. We evaluated three types of 0.45-micron microporous filters and three different pore sizes of positively charged depth filters for their ability to recover C. jejuni from seeded, sterile tap and surface water. The microporous filters tested were Millipore HA, Gelman GN6, and Zetapor. Three pore sizes of Zeta Plus depth filters (05S, 30S, and 50S) were evaluated by using an adsorption-elution technique. The overall percent recovery in both tap and surface water by microporous filters was: Zetapor, 66%; Millipore HA, 33%; and Gelman GN6, 33%. Adsorption-elution with Zeta Plus 50S allowed 89% recovery of C. jejuni. These data suggest that both the positively charged Zetapor microporous filter and the Zeta Plus 50S depth filter are effective filters for the recovery of C. jejuni from water.
Bacteriological Techniques↗
Evaluation of the MicroScan Urinary Combo Panel and API 20E system for identification of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical veterinary materials.
Many isolates of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFB) cultured from clinical veterinary specimens are not identified because of the large number of identification tests required. We evaluated two commercial identification systems to determine if they could accurately identify NFB isolated from animals. Of 182 strains of NFB, the MicroScan Urinary Combo Panel (MicroScan, Inc., Campbell, Calif.) correctly identified 72%, and the API 20E system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) correctly identified 74%. Of the 118 strains of the three most common species of NFB isolated from animals, the MicroScan Urinary Combo Panel identified 86% correctly, and the API 20E system identified 92% correctly. The use of either of these systems could improve the accuracy of identification of NFB from clinical veterinary materials.
Animal Diseases↗
Glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli associated with clinical veterinary specimens.
Glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFB) have been recognized recently as opportunistic pathogens of humans. With few exceptions, strains of NFB have not been considered important enough to be identified when isolated from animals. In this study, all NFB isolated during a 1-year period in a clinical veterinary microbiology laboratory were identified to determine their prevalence. Of the 347 strains of NFB obtained, the most common species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Of all clinical veterinary specimens submitted for cultures, 10% contained nonfermenters.
Acinetobacter↗
Unusual disease conditions in pet and aviary birds.
Ninety percent ot 100% mortality in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) nestlings from 2 aviaries was attributed to giardiasis. Treatment with dimetridazole in drinking water was effective in controlling mortality. Aeromonas hydrophila infection incriminated in acute deaths of aviary canaries (Serinus canarius) was successfully treated with chlortetracycline. Aeromonas hydrophila also was isolated in pure culture from a toucan (ramphastos toco) with acute nephrosis and a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) with chlamydiosis (psittacosis). Coccidiosis associated with hemorrhagic enteritis, diarrhea, and mortality was diagnosed in budgerigars originating from 3 aviaries. Sporulated oocysts from 1 group of budgerigars were identified as Eimera sp. Sulfamethazine in drinking water was an effective treatment.
Aeromonas↗
Isolation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella krefeld from clinical veterinary materials.
Six isolations of Salmonella krefeld were made from clinical veterinary specimens. These isolates were multiply resistant to several antimicrobial agents commonly used to treat salmonellosis.
Animals↗
Gram-negative, aerobic, enteric pathogens among intestinal microflora of wild turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) in west central Texas.
The prevalence of gram-negative bacterial species in the intestines of 20 apparently healthy turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) was determined. Edwardsiella tarda, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, and Arizona hinshawii (Salmonella arizonae) were each recovered from 15% of these birds. Turkey vultures may be important reservoirs of these bacterial pathogens.
Animals↗
Enterobacteriaceae isolated from iguanid lizards of west-central Texas.
The prevalence of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the intestines of seven species of iguanid lizards native to west-central Texas was determined. Of the 67 lizard specimens examined, 48.7% were infected with Salmonella and 9% were infected with Salmonella arizonae. Two lizard species (Sceloporus olivaceus and Crotaphytus collaris) were shown to have a 100% prevalence of Salmonella.
Animals↗
Evaluation of assay systems for the detection of rotavirus in stool specimens.
We tested 41 rotavirus positive and 42 negative specimens as determined by electron microscopy. The assays systems used were an indirect NIH-ELISA, Meritec-Rotavirus, Virogen Rotatest, and Rotazyme II. Meritec and Virogen (latex agglutination assays) were the most sensitive tests, detecting 95% of the positive specimens. The NIH-ELISA detected 81% and Rotazyme detected 63%. Rotazyme was the most specific (100%), followed by the NIH-ELISA (95%) and the two latex agglutination systems (91%). To determine the level of rotavirus detection, we tested three systems against serial two-fold dilutions of ten positive stools. The NIH-ELISA detected rotavirus in an average dilution of 1:723. Rotazyme detected rotavirus in an average stool dilution of 1:366, and Meritec showed an average of 1:164. Rotavirus strains representing serotypes 1-4 were also tested. Meritec was able to detect all four serotypes. Virogen did not react with serotype 2 strains. The NIH-ELISA and rotazyme were unable to detect serotype 3. These data suggest that some latex agglutination assays may be a useful alternative to ELISAs in the clinical laboratory.
Child, Preschool↗
Rifaximin: a nonabsorbed antimicrobial in the therapy of travelers' diarrhea.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Bacterial enteropathogens, the major cause of travelers' diarrhea, are customarily treated with antibacterial drugs. Rifaximin, a nonabsorbed antimicrobial was examined as treatment for travelers' diarrhea. METHODS: A randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 72 US adults in Mexico. Patients with acute diarrhea received one of three doses of rifaximin (200, 400 and 600 mg t.i.d.) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX, 160 mg/800 mg b.i.d.) for 5 days. Results were compared with data from 2 placebo-treated historical control populations. RESULTS: The shortest duration of treated diarrhea was seen in the group receiving 200 mg rifaximin t. i.d (NS). Clinical failure to respond to treatment occurred in 6 of 55 (11%) rifaximin-treated subjects versus 5 of 17 (29%) of TMP/SMX-treated subjects (NS). Sixteen of twenty (80%) of the enteropathogens isolated from the rifaximin-treated subjects and 7 of 7 (100%) from the TMP/SMX group were eradicated by treatment (NS). Sixteen of twenty-four (67%) enteropathogens identified were susceptible to TMP and all 24 were inhibited by</=50 microgram/ml of rifaximin. Rifaximin reduced the number of unformed stools passed during the first 24 h of treatment when compared with 2 control placebo groups (3.3 versus 5.1; p = 0.008 and 0.0001) and led to a reduced duration of post-enrollment diarrhea (mean values of 43.1 versus 68.1 and 81.9 h; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rifaximin shortened the duration of travelers' diarrhea compared with TMP/SMX and 2 earlier studied placebo-treated groups. A poorly absorbed drug if effective in treating bacterial diarrhea has pharmacologic and safety advantages over the existing drugs.
Acute Disease↗
Serum antibody response induced in mice after oral administration of three different antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in enteric coated microparticles.
BACKGROUND: Gastric digestion of these antigens plays an important role, decreasing the ability to deliver antigens to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To overcome this obstacle, microencapsulated antigens from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were evaluated for oral immunization of mice. METHODS: Four groups of 10 each received 3 series of 3 doses each of (1) B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), similar to heat-labile toxin of ETEC, (2) formalin-killed whole cell ETEC H10407 (FK-ETEC), (3) crude preparation of colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I), or (4) placebo. Serum antibody was measured on day 0 and 60 by ELISA. RESULTS: In group 1 a CTB antibody response was induced in all mice, 3 with 1:105 titer and 7 with 1:106. These antibodies neutralized cholera toxin-induced steriodogenesis of Y-1 adrenal cells. In group 2, 8 mice developed a whole H10407 bacteria antibody titer of 1:100, one 1:200 and one showed no immune response. In the same group, an anti-CFA/I response was observed in 6 mice and anti-LPS in 4 mice as determined by Western blot. All mice in group 3 showed > 1:104 anti-CFA/I antibody titer. Group 4 mice did not develop an immune response to any ETEC antigens. CONCLUSIONS: Microencapsulation appears to be a suitable approach for oral vaccination against ETEC and Vibrio cholerae.
Animals↗