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Biomedical subjects

J K Kulski

Publications and source records attributed to J K Kulski.

70 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Nucleic acid probes in diagnosis of viral diseases of man. Brief review.

With the recent, rapid advances in recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to consider the use of nucleic acid probes in diagnosis of human viral diseases. Several examples are discussed which employ techniques of dot blot hybridization, sandwich hybridization and in situ hybridization. Typing of viral strains using restriction endonuclease digestion as an epidemiological tool is considered. Finally, the present limitations of molecular hybridization are discussed, and future developments including the production of non-radioactively labeled probes, are assessed.

Cytomegalovirus↗
PubMed1983

Essentiality of insulin and prolactin for accumulation of rat casein mRNAs.

Fetal calf serum (20%) does not substitute for insulin in terms of enhanced accumulation of rat casein mRNAs, but it can sustain the mammary tissue in culture. This property of fetal calf serum was utilized to show that in the presence of cortisol and 1) insulin or 2) prolactin, the delayed addition of prolactin or insulin, respectively, produced similar enhancement of 25 K and 42 K casein mRNAs. The results indicate that both insulin and prolactin are required for accumulation of rat casein mRNAs, the accumulation is independent of the sequence of addition of these hormones, and that the response cannot be ascribed entirely to the hormone added last.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An essential role for glucocorticoid in casein gene expression in rat mammary explants.

It is demonstrated that the accumulation of 42 K casein mRNA in mammary tissue from adrenalectomized, virgin rats is almost 20x higher in the presence of exogenous hydrocortisone than in its absence. Accumulation of 25 K casein mRNA in this tissue is totally dependent on the steroid. The results indicate a much greater dependency on hydrocortisone than was appreciated previously, and also show that this dependency does not reflect a loss of cell viability in the absence of the steroid.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1983

Milk insulin, GH and TSH: relationship to changes in milk lactose, glucose and protein during lactogenesis in women.

Changes in concentration of insulin, growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whey fraction of mammary secretion of women during late pregnancy and lactogenesis were determined by radioimmunoassay. The milk hormone changes were compared to changes in the concentration of milk lactose, glucose and proteins which reflect the transition from colostrum to milk production during lactogenesis. During late pregnancy the average concentrations of insulin, GH and TSH in the colostrum of 2 women were 114.6 microU ml-1, 21.7 microU ml-1 and 14.1 microU ml-1, respectively. The concentrations of these hormones fell from high to low levels between day 1 and day 2 post partum concomitantly with the changes in the concentration of milk lactose, glucose and protein. On day 5 post partum the average milk concentrations of insulin, GH and TSH were 21.0 microU ml-1, 4.0 microU ml-1, and 5.0 microU ml-1, respectively. Similar milk hormone changes occurred in non breast feeding women during the first 11 days post partum. During 2 to 13 months of lactation one woman, the average concentration of milk insulin was 12 microU ml-1. In another woman, from 0 to 22 days after termination of breast feeding, the concentration of insulin increased from 19 to 56 microU ml-1. There were significant positive correlations between hormones and total protein and negative correlations between hormones and lactose, and hormones and glucose in women during lactogenesis and involution. The results showed that the changes in insulin, GH and TSH in milk were closely related to changes in secretory activity and permeability of the breast.

Colostrum↗
PubMed1981

Changes in the milk composition of nonpuerperal women.

Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of expressing small volumes of breast fluid (less than 3.0 ml) on the progressive changes in concentrations of lactose, proteins, and electrolytes in the mammary secretions of four nonpuerperal women with galactorrhea and two nonpuerperal women who artificially induced lactation by breast hyperstimulation. The changes in the concentration of the milk constituents in the mammary secretion of these women are compared to the levels in colostrum, transitional and mature milk obtained from normal lactationg women. In one woman galactorrhea was associated with hypothyroidism and abnormally elevated blood levels of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The breast secretion contained lactose, protein, and alpha-lactalbumin at colostrum-like levels over the entire 53 days of sampling. In two women with galactorrhea and amenorrhea associated with a pituitary tumor and hyperprolactinemia, a colostrum-like secretion was expressed on the first day of sampling but with daily sampling during a period of a month the composition approached that of normal milk. Similar results were obtained in another woman with galactorrhea, which appeared to be induced by a psychotropic drug (haloperidol), when she expressed breast fluid at 2-day intervals over a period of a month. In a second series of samples collected from this woman at intervals of 5 days or more over a period of a month, the concentration of lactose and proteins remained at colostrum levels. The composition of the breast secretion produced by two women who induced lactation artificially by breast hyperstimulation was close to the composition obtained for women during established lactation following normal pregnancy. These findings are discussed in relation to breast function and endocrine disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Changes in human milk composition during the initiation of lactation.

Studies were undertaken to determine the progressive changes and relationships between the major constituents in the mammary secretion of breast feeding and non-breast feeding women during the initiation of lactation. The concentration of metabolites (lactose, glucose and urea), electrolytes and proteins (total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM) were measured in small samples of mammary secretion (0 . 5-5 . 0 ml). Colostrum during late pregnancy contained higher concentrations of proteins and lower concentrations of metabolites than milk in established lactation. Of the electrolytes, the concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium were higher, whereas potassium and calcium were lower in colostrum than in milk. The osmolality of the secretion remained relatively constant over the pre-partum and post-partum period. These findings showed that the initiation of lactation developed in two phases, first a limited secretion of milk constituents in late pregnancy and then true induction of lactation (lactogenesis) 32-40 h after delivery. The changes in the mammary secretion of non-breast feeding women during the first 3 days post-partum were similar to those observed in breast feeding women but reversed abruptly during the next 6 days, indicating the onset of mammary involution. This finding demonstrated that breast feeding is not a major factor for the initiation of lactation but is essential for the continuation of full lactation.

Calcium↗
PubMed1981

Changes in the concentration of cortisol in milk during different stages of human lactation.

A study was undertaken to determine by radioimmunoassay the changes in concentrations of cortisol in the mammary secretion of individual women during late pregnancy, lactogenesis, established lactation and after cessation of breast-feeding. The concentration of cortisol in colostrum averaged 7.5% of that found in serum during late pregnancy. The concentration of cortisol (mean +/- S.E.M.) was relatively high in the mammary secretions during late pregnancy (25.5 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) and decreased within 2 days after delivery (10.2 +/- 2.0 ng/ml) to reach low values by 10 days post partum (1.8 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). During advanced lactation the cortisol values varied between 0.2 to 32 ng/ml but the mean concentration was significantly (p less than 0.05) less (7.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, n = 75) than during late pregnancy. With the abrupt termination of breast-feeding, the concentration of cortisol generally increased above the values determined during established lactation, but, even during involution, the progressive changes in concentration varied markedly (range 0.5-40.0 ng/ml). The function of milk cortisol for the newborn is now known. However, it is possible that cortisol in breast milk may help to control the transport of fluids and salts from the gastrointestinal tract of infants.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1981

Composition of breast fluid of a man with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinaemia.

It has been previously reported that men with and without known disease can produce milk, but no studies to date have demonstrated that their secretion contains milk constituents produced specifically by the breast. The present study shows the presence of lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin in the breast secretion of a 27-yr-old male who had galactorrhea associated with hyperprolactinaemia. The concentrations of lactose, proteins, and electrolytes in the breast secretion of this man are within the range of colostrum and milk obtained from normal lactating women.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Changes in the composition of the mammary secretion of women after abrupt termination of breast feeding.

1. The composition of mammary secretion has been followed in seven women before and after abrupt termination of breast feeding. The period of full lactation was 39 days for 1 woman and a mean of 332 days (range 251--443 days) for the six others. Small samples of mammary secretion (0.5--5.00 ml.) were collected by manual expression from three women at monthly intervals throughout 12 months of lactation and from seven women at frequent intervals for 42 days of involution. 2. During full lactation (12 months, three women) the mean values (+/- S.E. of mean) for lactose, total protein, alpha-lactalbumin, Na, K and Cl were 7.03 +/- 0.13 g/100 ml., 1.68 +/- 0.08 g/100 ml., 163 +/- 6.39 mg/100 ml., 8.5 +/- 0.90 mM, 13.4 +/- 0.34 mM and 11.93 +/- 0.53 mM, respectively. 3. After termination of breast feeding, the concentrations of lactose and K decreased while Na, Cl, fat and total protein increased progressively over 42 days. The increase in the protein content was contributed to by increases in the concentration of lactoferrin, IgA, IgG, IgM, albumin, alpha-lactalbumin and casein. There was no significant difference in the concentration of the milk constituents between the right and left breast throughout full lactation and after its termination. 4. These observations indicated that the secretory capability of the mammary gland of women changed dramatically after complete cessation of breast feeding but that the involuting gland remained partially functional for a long period.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1978

Effects of bromocriptine mesylate on the composition of the mammary secretion in non-breast-feeding women.

A double-blind trial was performed on 26 women, who had elected not to breast-feed their infants, to determine the effect of bromocriptine mesylate (2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days postpartum) on the composition of the mammary secretion during lactogenesis. Mammary secretion (less than 5.0 ml) was collected from each breast of each woman at daily intervals during the 14-day treatment period and the progressive changes in the concentration of the milk constituents, lactose, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin, total protein, lactoferin, IgA, IgG, sodium and potassium were determined. The degree of milk leakage and breast engorgement were also assessed. Both the subjective assessments and the changes in the concentration of the milk constituents demonstrated that lactogenesis occurred between about Day 2 and Day 5 postpartum in the placebo group (in the absence of the suckling stimulus) but was suppressed in the bromocriptine-treated group.

Breast↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phylogenetic analysis of primate MIC (PERB11) sequences suggests that the representation of the gene family differs in different primates: comparison of MIC (PERB11) and C4.

Duplication of segments within the MHC has led to numerous multicopy families such as class I, class II, C4 and MIC (PERB11). Different copy numbers between haplotypes and species may be explained by the extent of duplication and subsequent deletion. There are at least five copies of MIC (PERB11) in humans, but MICA (PERB11.1) appears to have been deleted from the chimpanzee. By comparing the sequences of primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, pygmy chimpanzee, Patas monkey, Aethiops and baboon) we conclude that the gorilla has a copy of PERB11.1, whereas the baboon and Patas possess MICD (PERB11.4) and/or MICE (PERB11.5) rather than MICA (PERB11.1). These findings indicate that the primate MHC is more plastic than has been appreciated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗