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Biomedical subjects

J K Ludwicki

Publications and source records attributed to J K Ludwicki.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Biological and environmental monitoring of exposure to chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons].

Polychlorinated hydrocarbons due to their lipophilic properties can cumulate in animal organisms by entering of various food chains. Food, especially of animal origin, is regarded as a major source of these compounds for man. For several years the Department of Environmental Toxicology of the National Institute of Hygiene jointly with sanitary epidemiological stations perform the monitoring of organochlorine compounds in food, including infant formula and breast milk. The results of this monitoring are presented in this paper. In order to assess the environmental exposure of man to organochlorine insecticides (DDT and HCH) and other contaminants i.e. PCBs and HCB were chosen. Samples were taken in 18 voivodships in Poland. The results show that the exposure to above compounds from food of plant origin is negligible, and that the food of animal origin is the predominant source of intake of these compounds. The results of biological monitoring show that infants fed with breast milk are of greatest risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[An attempt of health risk assessment for environmental exposure to chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons].

An attempt has been made to assess the exposure of adult humans and infants to chlorinated hydrocarbons from food. Basing on the results from monitoring performed by the sanitary epidemiological stations in Poland the average concentrations of DDT, HCH, HCB and PCBs in variety of foods items were calculated. These average values were used as a base for the estimation of daily intake of polychlorinated hydrocarbons. For this purpose the average consumption of various groups of foods, including breast milk, were taken into consideration. The Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) of the compounds were compared with the corresponding ADI values.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Induction of micronuclei in erythrocytes of bone marrow and peripheral blood in laboratory mice following acute and subchronic exposure to DDT(fenarimol and nuarimol)].

The frequency of micronuclei was assessed in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow and normochromatic erythrocytes in peripheral blood of mice following exposure to fenarimol (50, 100, 200 mg/kg b.w.) and nuarimol (100, 200, 400 mg/kg b.w.) for 21 days. Mitomycin C (2 mg/kg b.w.), cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w.) and colchicyne (2 mg/kg b.w.) were administered to the positive control mice for 5 days. These results obtained in this experiment were compared with the incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow and peripheral blood in mice exposed twice (two consecutive injections, 24 hours interval) to fenarimol and nuarimol and mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide and colchicine. The results show that fenarimol and nuarimol did not cause micronuclei induction in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of mice under the conditions of these experiments. However, mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide and colchicine induced of micronuclei in the investigated tissues. Moreover, the positive relationship between frequencies of micronuclei in normochromatic erythrocytes in peripheral blood and time of exposure was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Proficiency testing for chemical analytical laboratories--general principles concerning organization and assessment of results].

In order to promote in Poland the effective response to the international food regulations and to enhance the ability of laboratories in proving their analytical quality assurance, some general guidelines for proficiency testing have been presented according to the internationally recognised protocol (IUPAC/ISO/AOAC The International Harmonized Protocol for Proficiency Testing). The objectives of proficiency testing and its importance for accreditation for analytical laboratories were also reviewed with the special emphasis given to those dealing with food analysis. The organization of interlaboratory trials and methods for statistical treatment of results were also described, as well as reporting of results and their statistical evaluation. The proficiency testing according to the above described rules are routinely performed by the Department of Environmental Toxicology of the National Institute of Hygiene for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in food.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1995

[Abiotic and biotic transformation of persistent organochlorine compounds in the environment].

The presence of persistent organochlorine compounds in the environment is defined as being of anthropogenic origin. They are the result of intentional production (pesticides, solvents, dielectric and hydraulic fluids, flame retardants etc.) as well as they are produced as unintentional by-products from many processes (incineration, pulp and paper production, use and production of chlorinated aromatic chemicals and PVC). Nowadays, they are recognized as one of the major classes of the contaminants in the environment because of their wide distribution and a high capacity to bioaccumulate in organisms--especially in higher levels of the trophic food chain. They have been also claimed to cause adverse effects on organisms and human. In the paper, the main classes of chlorinated hydrocarbons are presented, including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. The proposed degradative pathways--abiotic (photolysis, hydrolysis) as well as biotic (biotransformation by microorganisms and higher organisms, including human) are reviewed on the basis of current literature.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Content of mercury in human hair of Warsaw residents exposed occupationally and non-occupationally].

The concentrations of mercury in the hair of workers employed in the fluorescent tubes plant in Warsaw were determined and compared with the results obtained in our previous studies in the years 1970/1980. Total mercury in the hair was analysed by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The average mercury concentrations in the non-exposed population was at a similar level (0.17 microgram/g) as in the results obtained in 1970/80. The average concentrations of total mercury in the hair of exposed subjects were approximately 30 times lower than in the years 1970/80 and ranged from 0.38 to 1.42 micrograms/g. This substantial reduction in Hg concentration in the hair of exposed people was due to improvements in the technological process.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The influence of DDT analogues (nuarimol and fenarimol) on the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei in erythrocytes of bone marrow and spleen in mice].

The clastogenic potential of the two DDT analogues: fenarimol and nuarimol was investigated, and the usefulness of the mouse spleen cells for this purpose was evaluated. Nuarimol and fenarimol were administered per o to 8-10 weeks old male mice (Swiss) according to the following protocol: nuarimol 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. and fenarimol 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w. twice during 24 hours. Mitomycin C (2 and 4 mg/kg b.w.) and cyclophosphamide (25 and 75 mg/kg b.w.) were administered to the positive control mice. After 30, 48, 72 hours following the first administration the animals were killed and the number of micronuclei were calculated in spleen and bone marrow polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes. The results show that the spleen could be regarded as an appropriate tissue for the evaluation of micronuclei induction. Fenarimol and nuarimol did not cause micronuclei induction in the bone marrow and spleen erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in activity of G-6-pase, APase, and gamma-GTPase in liver and blood serum of rats exposed to nuarimol and NDEA].

The effect of simultaneous administration of N-diethylnitrosamine (NDEA) and Nuarimol on the activity of gamma-GTPase, G-6-Pase ans APase in the liver and serum of Wistar rats was investigated in the 2-weeks experiment. The two-stage hepato-cancerogenesis model was used with NDEA as initiating agent. The possible promoting potential of Nuarimol (DDT analogue) was checked in this experiment. gamma-GTPase and G-6-Pase activities were measured by biochemical and histochemical methods and AP-ase activity was measured by a biochemical method only. The occurrence of gamma-GTPase positive foci found by histochemical methods was partly confirmed by colorimetric methods. This suggest the need for further examination of this enzyme in conditions of prolonged exposure to Nuarimol.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

[Residues of organochlorine insecticides in foods in the years 1986-1990].

During 1986-1990 4625 samples of food commodities were examined for residues of organochlorine (OC) insecticides in 10 provinces in Poland. This monitoring included analysis of total DDT (DDT+DDE+DDD), alpha, beta and gamma-HCH, HCB and Methoxychlor (DMDT) in milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils and baby foods. The median values for DDT in milk and milk products varied from undetectable to 0.23 mg/kg on fat basis, and the draft national tolerance (1.0 mg/kg) was exceeded in 2-5% of samples in 1986 only. In fruits and vegetables the median concentrations of the total DDT usually were below the limit of determination. Generally, during the five years period the downward tendency in DDT complex concentration was observed, but not in case of the total HCH. The residues of OC insecticides in baby foods were generally very low due to establishing of special "low-pesticide" areas for growing raw materials for these products.

DDT↗
PubMed1991

The effect of organic chlorine compounds and their metabolites present in human milk on newborn mice.

The effect of pesticides and their metabolites (DDE, DDT, DDD, alpha, beta and gamma-HCH and PCBs) isolated from human milk on the blood and liver morphology of the mouse were studied. Mouse neonates were fed an extract of the organochlorine compounds in linseed oil for a period of 6 weeks. The lowest dose used in the experiment equalled that which a human infant can receive with its mother's milk, calculated per gram of body weight. Doses 10 and 100 times higher were also used. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples for electron microscopy and blood samples for haemotological examination were taken. Haematological examinations, in mice receiving pesticides, revealed a significant rise in the number of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes and an increased number of lymphocytes. These changes were related to the concentrations of the organic chlorine compounds that the animals were given. Electronmicroscopy demonstrated that organochlorine pesticides at doses equal to that might be received by infants caused proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes without any clear damage to other subcellular structures. Doses 10 and 100 times higher resulted in more extensive proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, reduction of the rough elements of the endoplasmic reticulum and damage to mitochondria. The latest changes were associated with an increased number of prominent Kupffer cells and the appearance of immigratory cells with traits characteristic of lymphocytes and monocytes.

Administration, Oral↗