Biomedical subjects

J Kroger

Publications and source records attributed to J Kroger.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1998

Ego Identity Status in cross-cultural context: a comparison of Norwegian and United States university students.

To examine patterns of identity development for late adolescents raised in the Norwegian mixed liberal welfare-state economic system compared with late adolescents raised in the free-market economic system of the United States, ego identity status scores and distributions were examined for 56 (37 women, 19 men). Norwegian and 1498 (814 women, 684 men) United States undergraduate university students using the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. The United States sample was drawn from four geographic regions and comprised of those who had participated in prior studies performed by Adams. Significant differences were found between the two nations on all identity status subscales in the ideological and interpersonal domains for each sex. The more moderate identity status scale scores evidenced by the Norwegian sample may reflect a cultural trend toward greater moderation in the exploration and commitment process.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed1996

Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

The activity of single neurons was recorded extracellularly from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPC) of monkeys during the performance of a cross-modal audio-visual short-term memory task. Cells in DPC show sustained elevated firing levels (higher than spontaneous discharge) during the retention of the auditory stimulus. In some cells this elevated firing was significantly different depending on the particular auditory memorandum of each trial. These results support the notion that DPC participates in auditory short-term memory and the integration of auditory and visual information for prospective action.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Identity, regression and development

Regression has held varied meanings within psychoanalytic and developmental literatures. Within psychodynamic literature, regression has often implied return to earlier developmental levels for the purpose of mastering childhood trauma. It has, however, been stated that regression is an essential and adaptive feature of normative adolescent development. Within developmental literature, regression has been discussed in relation to structural characteristics of stage change; the concept has remained problematic, for developmental theories often postulate directionality in development inconsistent with the notion of regression. It is the purpose of this paper to (a) review varied meanings regression has held within psychoanalytic and developmental literatures, (b) focus on the forms, frequencies and functions of regression when examining data from two structural developmental models addressing dimensions of normative adolescent identity development, and (c) consider precipitants for different forms of regressive movement. The paper will conclude with suggestions for hypotheses to be tested in future research.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Events associated with identity status change

This study examines events associated with identity status change between late adolescence and mid-adulthood. One hundred adults, aged 40-63 years, participated in a retrospective study of identity development. An adaptation of Marcia's (1966) Identity Status Interview was used to examine identity status movements within five identity domains. For each identity transition, the event judged to be primarily responsible for precipitating change was coded as follows: "age-graded," "history-graded," "critical," "family life cycle stage," "different milieu," "internal change," "influence of significant other," and "lack of opportunity". "Internal change" was associated with the greatest frequency of changes into achievement, moratorium, and diffusion statuses across most domains; "influence of a significant other" was most commonly associated with the transition to foreclosure in most domains. Few significant associations were found among identity status, event type, and demographic variables within each identity domain. Implications of these findings for our understanding of identity formation are briefly discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Factor analytic structure and stability of the separation-individuation test of adolescence.

The present study was undertaken to examine internal structural properties of the Separation-Individuation Test Adolescence (SITA; Levine, Green, & Millon, 1986). In 1990, 131 late adolescent undergraduate university students received the SITA; 2 years later, 79 of these same subjects were reassessed. Principal components analyses were conducted for the 1990 and 1992 samples, and internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) were calculated for each subscale. The internal structural properties converged moderately to strongly for the following scales: Practicing Mirroring, Engulfment Anxiety, Dependency Denial, Nurturance Seeking, and Teacher Enmeshment. These findings parallel those of Levine (in press). The developmental impact of the late adolescent separation-individuation process may explain in part some different clusterings of scale items over time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Parental bonding and separation-individuation difficulties among late adolescent eating disordered women.

This study is an exploration of both interpersonal and intrapsychic factors associated with eating disorders in late adolescent women. It examines perceived parental bonding characteristics and resolution of the second separation-individuation process for both eating and non-eating disordered subjects. Subjects were 20 late adolescent eating disordered women and 20 symptom-free late adolescent female university students. All subjects received the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Parental Bonding Inventory, and the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. Late adolescent eating disordered women reported significantly higher levels of maternal overprotectiveness during childhood and had significantly higher levels of separation anxiety and lower healthy separation scores than non-eating disordered students.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

A comparison of ego identity status transition pathways and change rates across five identity domains.

The present retrospective study was designed to explore the question of whether or not ego identity status transition pathways and change rates differ significantly across domains of identity development from adolescence through middle adulthood. A sample of 100 middle- and upper-middle-class New Zealand adults from forty to sixty-three years of age were interviewed regarding the development of values in the areas of vocation, religion, politics, and gender roles, and relationships using an adaptation of the Marcia Ego Identity Status Interview. Raters later assigned an identity status for each year of chronological age for each participant. Preliminary analyses indicated that subgroups of the larger sample differed significantly in terms of identity status transition patterns. Within each of the eight subgroups examined, there were statistically significant differences in transition pathways and change rates across the five identity domains. These findings suggest the importance of examining separate identity domains and controlling for demographic variables in future studies of adult identity development. Results are discussed in terms of Grotevant's process model of identity formation.

Achievement↗

PubMed1990

Subscale structure and stability of the Hansburg Adolescent Separation Anxiety Test.

This study examined four issues related to the Hansburg (1980a, 1980b) Adolescent Separation Anxiety Test: (1) How closely is Hansburg's original matrix of theoretical factor intercorrelations replicated in the present samples? (2) How closely do factors derived from empirical analyses of SAT data obtained twice over a 2-year period resemble the composition of Hansburg's theoretically based factors? (3) How reliable are SAT scales over this 2-year time interval as assessed by test-retest coefficients? (4) How stable are factors derived from the empirical analysis over time? A total of 74 late adolescents were given Hansburg's SAT in 1984 and 1986. Results indicate moderate correlations for SAT scales over time. There is little comparability between empirically and theoretically derived factors, nor is there stability of empirical factors over time. Research with larger samples is necessary to clarify the empircal factor structure of the SAT.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Ego structuralization in late adolescence as seen through early memories and ego identity status.

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between ego identity status and early memory themes in an effort to detect possible phases in the process of ego structuralization during late adolescence. Subjects were 73 late adolescents (39 women and 34 men) who had been first year university students two years previously. Each subject was given Marcia's (1966) Identity Status Interview and an Early Memories Interview designed to elicit world view orientation (Gushurst, 1971). Identity achievements most frequently expressed themes of moving contentedly alone or alongside significant others, while themes of moving away from the familiar were most common among moratoriums. Seeking security and support from significant others or familiar settings were most prevalent themes for foreclosures, while desire for relatedness was the most frequently occurring theme for diffusions. Statuses did not differ in frequency of themes expressing conflict. Consistent with observations of Mahler et al., (1975) on subphases of infant differentiation, results of this study point to similar processes as adolescents relinquish, rather than incorporate, parental introjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of ego identity status interview domains.

The present investigation was designed to explore a series of questions raised by previous developmental, gender, and congruence studies of ego identity status interview domains. A total of 76 late adolescent New Zealanders participated in identity status interviews following their first assessments two years previously. Results provide some support for a "focal model" of domain resolution, whereby psychosocial identity issues are addressed sequentially rather than concurrently. Few sex differences emerged in either developmental patterns of change or in the salience of interview components. The use of domain ratings in ways suggested by this study would allow a clearer picture of the identity formation process to emerge in future identity status research.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Factor structure of the Hansburg Separation Anxiety Test.

This study examines two questions related to Hansburg's Separation Anxiety Test: To what extent can Hansburg's (1980a) matrix of correlations between theoretical factors be replicated in an independent sample? How closely do empirically derived factors from a factor analysis of test scales resemble the composition of Hansburg's theoretically based factors? A total of 135 New Zealand university students were given the Hansburg Separation Anxiety Test. Results provide minimal empirical support for Hansburg's theoretically based psychological systems factors. Additional factor replication studies with larger samples are needed to clarify the underlying empirical structure of the Separation Anxiety Test.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

The relative importance of identity status interview components: replication and extension.

The present study partially replicates and extends the work of Rogow et al. (1983) in probing the relative importance of Ego Identity Status Interview components for both sexes. Eighty female and sixty male students attending a New Zealand university were given the Ego Identity Status Interview with identity components of occupation, religion, politics, and sex role beliefs presented in counterbalanced order. Subjects were then asked to rank components in order of importance to their sense of identity and additional identity contents were explored through open-ended questions. This investigation revealed few sex differences in terms of number of content areas having a common rating, hit rates between single or paired content areas and overall identity ratings, rank order for importance of identity contents, or reported areas of additional identity concerns. In support of Rogow findings, this study suggests that identity not be viewed as a unitary structure and encourages the reporting of both component and overall identity status ratings to allow a more comprehensive means of researching the identity formation process. In general, the identity status approach provides a useful model for clinical research of ego synthesis in late adolescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Relationships during adolescence: a cross-national comparison of New Zealand and United States teenagers.

The present study was designed to test Coleman's focal model of adolescent development in a further cross-national context. American adolescents, comparable in age, socio-economic status, sex, and urban residence to Coleman's original sample, were given the London Sentence Completion Test. Results were compared to those from a similar sample in New Zealand; few significant differences in sentence outcomes emerged. Support is provided for the focal model, which suggests that changes in interpersonal relationships resulting from the individuation process in adolescence are not dealt with all at once, but rather issue by issue. Furthermore, a similar sequence for issues over time of peak concern was observed for British, New Zealand, and United States samples.

Adolescent↗