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Biomedical subjects

J Kuhl

Publications and source records attributed to J Kuhl.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Self-discrimination and memory: state orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities.

A new paradigm to investigate the tendency to falsely ascribe to oneself assigned goals (misinformed introjection or self-infiltration) and the better memory of self-chosen than of assigned prospective activities (self-choice effect) is explored. In two experiments, state-oriented subjects showed significantly higher rates of false self-ascriptions of assigned activities than action-oriented subjects did (an individual-difference factor related to volitional efficiency; Kuhl & Beckmann, 1994b), whereas all subjects gave evidence of the self-choice effect. Specific manipulations to reduce and to increase the probability of occurrence of false self-ascriptions were also carried out (an intentional-learning instruction and task interruption, respectively). Finally, a first step was taken to examine the relationship between self-infiltration and the tendency to enact more self-chosen than assigned activities (self-determination).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Cognitive behavioral techniques for hypertension: are they effective?

PURPOSE: To assess by analysis of published controlled trials the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapies (such as biofeedback, relaxation, meditation) for essential hypertension. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Randomized controlled trials published in the English language between 1970 and 1991 identified from the MEDLINE database and bibliographic references from these articles. STUDY SELECTION: Limited to studies involving randomized assignment to a treatment group consisting of one or more cognitive behavioral interventions or a concurrent control group consisting of no therapy, a waiting list, regular monitoring, or placebo intervention. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Although we identified more than 800 published works, only 26 met entry criteria. We identified a number of methodologic short-comings, including small sample size, inconsistencies regarding baseline blood pressure determinations and types of control groups, and the possibility of confounding by multiple noncognitive cointerventions (diet, exercise) and expectancy (the placebo effect). In meta-analyses involving 1264 patients, differences in mean blood pressure reduction varied according to the duration of baseline blood pressure measurements and type of control groups studied. In 16 comparisons involving baseline periods of more than 1 day, with patients (n = 368) assigned to either a cognitive therapy or a placebo intervention (sham biofeedback, "pseudo-meditation"), systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased by 2.8 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.8 to 6.4) and 1.3 mm Hg (CI, -1.3 to 3.8), respectively. These changes were neither statistically nor clinically significant. CONCLUSION: Cognitive interventions for essential hypertension are superior to no therapy but not superior to credible sham techniques or to self-monitoring alone. The literature on this subject is limited by a variety of methodologic inadequacies. No single cognitive behavioral technique appears to be more effective than any other.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Human population genetic studies using hypervariable loci. I. Analysis of Assamese, Australian, Cambodian, Caucasian, Chinese and Melanesian populations.

Population genetic studies, in Australian, Assamese, Cambodian, Chinese, Caucasian and Melanesian populations, were performed with several highly polymorphic DNA loci. Results showed that the Caucasian and Chinese had the highest level of heterozygosity. The size range of the majority of the polymorphic DNA fragments of a locus was the same in the different populations. The distinguishing feature of each ethnic group was the relative frequency of a particular set or group of alleles. For example, alleles greater than 9.0 kb in size, in D14S13, or from 4.5 to 4.7 kb, in D18S27, were less than half as frequent in Caucasians than in the other populations. Overall, there were groups of alleles, at one or more loci, whose frequencies were different among some of the ethnic groups and therefore could be used to differentiate one group from the other.

Alleles↗