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J L Ravanat

Publications and source records attributed to J L Ravanat.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with high-performance liquid chromatography prepurification for monitoring the endonuclease III-mediated excision of 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine and 5,6-dihydrothymine from gamma-irradiated DNA.

The endonuclease III from Escherichia coli is a repair enzyme which exhibits both a glycosylase and an endonuclease function. The activity of the enzyme can be assayed by measuring the released targeted bases in solution from a sample of modified DNA. In the present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used together with an HPLC prepurification step in order to single out the released bases. The prepurification was found to enhance the specificity and the sensitivity of the assay. Thus, the overall method allowed us to analyze separately 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine from the cis and trans isomers of 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine. Examples of application of the assay are provided with the measurement of the E. coli endonuclease III-mediated excision of 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine and 5,6-dihydrothymine from samples of gamma-irradiated DNA in the presence of cysteine.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

Protective effects of antioxidants against UVA-induced DNA damage in human skin fibroblasts in culture.

Ultraviolet A radiation (UVA, 320-400 nm) is mutagenic and induces genomic damage to skin cells. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), selenium and zinc have been shown to have antioxidant properties and to exhibit protective effects against UVA cytotoxicity. The present work attempts to delineate the effect of these compounds on genomic integrity of human skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA radiation using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or Comet assay. The cells were incubated with NAC (5 mM), sodium selenite (0.6 microM) or zinc chloride (100 microM). Then cells were embedded in low melting point agarose, and immediately submitted to UVA fluences ranging from 1 to 6J/cm2. In the Comet assay, the tail moment increased by 45% (1 J/cm2) to 89% (6J/cm2) in non-supplemented cells (p)<0.01). DNA damage was significantly prevented by NAC, Se and Zn, with a similar efficiency from 1 to 4J/cm2 (p < 0.05). For the highest UVA dose (6J/cm2), Se and Zn were more effective than NAC (p < 0.01).

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1998

Facts and artifacts in the measurement of oxidative base damage to DNA.

This short survey is aimed at critically evaluating the main available methods for measuring oxidative base damage within cellular DNA. Emphasis is placed on separative methods which are currently widely applied. These mostly concern high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) associated with sensitive detection techniques such as electrochemistry (EC) and mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, the comparison is extended to 32p-postlabeling methods, immunoassays and measurement of two main classes of oxidative DNA damage within isolated cells. It may be concluded that the HPLC-electrochemical detection (ECD) method, even if restricted to the measurement of only a few electroactive oxidized bases and nucleosides, is the simplest and safest available method at the moment. In contrast, the more versatile GC-MS method, which requires a HPLC pre-purification step in order to prevent artifactual oxidation of overwhelming normal bases to occur during derivatization, is more tedious and its sensitivity may be questionable. Alternative simpler procedures of background prevention for the GC-MS assay, which, however, remain to be validated, include low-temperature for derivatization and addition of antioxidants to the silylating reagents. Interestingly, similar levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine were found in cellular DNA using HPLC-ECD, HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC/32P-postlabeling methods. However, it should be noted that the level of cellular 8-oxodGuo, thus determined, is on average basis 10-fold higher than that was inferred for more indirect measurement involving the use of DNA repair enzymes with methods on isolated cells. Further efforts should be made to resolve this apparent discrepancy. In addition, the question of the biological validation of the non-invasive measurement of oxidized bases and nucleosides in urine is addressed.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1998

Supramolecular cationic tetraruthenated porphyrin and light-induced decomposition of 2'-deoxyguanosine predominantly via a singlet oxygen-mediated mechanism.

The tetraruthenated porphyrin, mu-[meso-5,10,15,20-tetra(pyridyl)porphyrin]tetrakis[bis-(bipyridine) chloride ruthenium(II)] (TRP) is a supramolecular cationic species. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the photodynamic properties of TRP and Zn-TRP to damage DNA with emphasis on the mechanistic aspects. The ability for tetraruthenated porphyrin derivatives to induce photosensitization reactions has been determined using 2'-deoxyguanosine as a DNA model compound. The main photooxidation products of the targeted nucleoside were identified and classified according to their mechanisms of formation, involving either a radical pathway (type I) or a singlet oxygen-mediated mechanism (type II). Quantification of the different oxidation products provides a means to evaluate the relative contribution of type I and type II pathways associated with the oxidative photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine by tetraruthenated porphyrin derivatives. Results indicate that 1O2 plays a major role in the mechanism of photooxidation mediated by these porphyrin derivatives. In addition an increase of the photosensitizing effect in the presence of zinc is observed. For each sensitizer, the ratio between type II and type I photoproducts has been calculated and compared to that of other known dyes such as methylene blue and riboflavin.

DNA Damage↗
PubMed1997

Measurement of 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in isolated DNA exposed to gamma radiation in aqueous solution.

Hydroxyl radical-mediated modifications of nucleobases are among the main deleterious processes induced in DNA by ionizing radiation. Determination of the underlying mechanisms in both isolated and cellular DNA requires the development of accurate assays for the detection of modified bases. High-performance liquid chromatography associated with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are the two main methods used for this purpose. In the present work, HPLC-EC was applied to the measurement of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) following enzymatic digestion of DNA. Evidence was provided for the quantitative aspect of the latter step. Moreover, a GC-MS assay was designed for the detection of 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua). It was first shown that the widely used hot formic acid hydrolysis of DNA induced a complete decomposition of the lesion. A similar observation was also made for 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde). A milder DNA hydrolyzing agent, HF in pyridine, was substituted to HCOOH for the quantitative release of FapyGua from DNA. The radiation-induced formation of 8-oxodGuo and FapyGua in aqueous solution of DNA was compared. Insights in the mechanistic aspects were inferred from the results of gamma-irradiation studies carried out under different gas saturating conditions. It was clearly shown that the formation of both lesions is mediated by HO.. In addition, the presence of oxygen favors the formation of 8-oxodGuo at the expense of FapyGua.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1997

Artifacts associated with the measurement of oxidized DNA bases.

In this paper we review recent aspects of the measurement of oxidized DNA bases, currently a matter of debate. There has long been an interest in the determination of the level of oxidized bases in cellular DNA under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. In this respect, the situation is confusing because variations that may be as large as two orders of magnitude have been reported for the yield of the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) in similar DNA samples. However, recent findings clearly show that application of several assays like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and -32P--postlabeling may lead to a significant overestimation of the level of oxidized bases in cellular DNA. In particular, the silylation step, which is required to make the samples volatile for the GC-MS analysis, has been shown to induce oxidation of normal bases at the level of about one oxidized base per 10(4) normal bases. This has been found to be a general process that applies in particular to 8-oxoGua, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroadenine,5-hydroxycytosine, 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil, and 5-formyluracil. Interestingly, prepurification of the oxidized bases from DNA hydrolysate prior to the derivatization reaction prevents artefactual oxidation. Under these conditions, the level of oxidized bases measured by GC-MS is similar to that obtained by HPLC associated with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). It should be added that the level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2;-deoxyguanosine in control cellular DNA has been found to be about fivefold lower than in earlier HPLC-EC measurements by using appropriate conditions of extraction and enzymatic digestion of DNA. Similar conclusions were reached by measuring formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase sensitive sites as revealed by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1997

Effects of UV and visible radiation on DNA-final base damage.

Several mechanisms are likely to be involved in the solar radiation-mediated modifications of cellular DNA. Direct excitation of DNA bases by the UVB component (290-320 nm) of solar light gives rise, mostly through oxygen independent reactions, to the formation of dimeric pyrimidine lesions including cyclobutadipyrimidines, pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts and related valence Dewar isomers. In addition, photoexcitation of cytosine and guanine may lead to the formation in relatively minor yields of 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrocytosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, respectively. A second mechanism that requires the participation of endogenous photosensitizers together with oxygen is at the origin of most of the DNA damage generated by the UVA (320-400 nm) and visible light. Singlet oxygen, which arises from a type II mechanism, is likely to be mostly involved in the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine that was observed within both isolated and cellular DNA. However, it may be expected that the latter oxidized purine lesion together with DNA strand breaks and pyrimidine base oxidation products are also generated with a lower efficiency through Fenton type reactions. A more definitive assessment of these mechanisms would require further studies aimed at the identification and quantification of the different DNA photolesions including both dimeric pyrimidine photoproducts and photooxidized lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Determination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and HPLC--electrochemical detection: overestimation of the background level of the oxidized base by the gas chromatography--mass spectrometry assay.

Two analytical methods, one involving the combined use of reverse-phase HPLC and electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) and one involving a mass spectrometric detection after gas chromatography separation (GC/MS), were developed for the detection of 8-oxoguanine in DNA. In order to obtain quantitative results, 2,6-diamino-8-oxopurine, whose chemical structure and electrochemical response are very similar to 8-oxoguanine, has been employed as an internal standard in the HPLC-EC assay. In the case of the GC/MS method, an isotopically stable (M + 4) 8-oxoguanine has been employed as an internal standard. Both methods are able to detect approximately 1 modification per 10(6) DNA bases. The background level of 8-oxoguanine in DNA as determined by GC/MS is approximately 50-fold higher than that determined by the HPLC-EC assay. The discrepancy between the two methods is due to an artifactual oxidation of guanine during the derivatization reaction as demonstrated by using pure guanine. The amount of 8-oxoguanine in guanine, determined by GC/MS, increases linearly with the time of derivatization, indicating that an oxidation occurs during the silylation reaction. Derivatization under nitrogen atmosphere reduces but does not suppress the artifactual oxidation. The amount of 8-oxoguanine in DNA, quantified by GC/MS, is comparable to that obtained by HPLC-EC when 8-oxoguanine is prepurified by HPLC or by immunoaffinity chromatography, prior to the silylation reaction. The artifactual formation of 8-oxoguanine during the derivatization reaction may explain, at least in part, why the values reported for 8-oxoguanine determination by GC/MS are generally about 1 order of magnitude higher than that determined by HPLC-EC. Prepurification of 8-oxoguanine from guanine is recommended in order to obtain reliable results by GC/MS which may be compared to HPLC-EC.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Photobiological activities of 1,6-dioxapyrene in pro- and eukaryotic cells.

The photobiological effect of a new pyrene derivative, 1,6-dioxapyrene (1,6-DP), was studied in Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA100) and in the diploid strain D7 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Salmonella, 1,6-DP shows little mutagenicity in the dark in comparison to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). This mutagenic activity decreases in the presence of liver S9 homogenates from Aroclor induced XVIInc/Z mice. However, in combination with 365 nm (UVA) radiation and in the absence of S9 mix, 1,6-DP behaves as an effective photodynamic compound inducing lethal and mutagenic effects in both organisms. In yeast, its activity, like that of B[a]P, is highly dependent on the presence of oxygen. For the same incident dose of UVA, 1,6-DP is, however, at least 6 times more effective than B[a]P in inducing cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. At equitoxic doses, 1,6-DP is as photomutagenic as B[a]P, suggesting that in both cases mutagenicity is due to similar mechanisms. Spectrophotometric measurements indicate physical interaction of 1,6-DP with DNA in the dark. Laser flash photolysis experiments show that 1,6-DP generates singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of 0.17. In vitro 1,6-DP produces oxidative damage to guanine bases specific for singlet oxygen mediated reactions. Alkaline step elution analysis of 1,6-DP plus UVA treated yeast cells indicates a decrease in average molecular weights in DNA and an induction of single strand breaks (ssb) originating from alkali labile sites. This effect is enhanced by D2O and is thus likely to be due to the production of singlet oxygen. The strand breaks appear to differ from those induced by gamma-rays because little, if any, repair of these ssb occurs during 30 min of post-treatment incubation in complete growth medium. These results suggest that the photobiological effects of 1,6-DP are due to oxidative damage in DNA mostly induced by singlet oxygen.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of a new product produced by ionizing irradiation and type I photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine in oxygen-saturated aqueous solution: (2S)-2,5'-ANHYDRO-1-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-guanidin ylidene- 2-hydroxy-4-oxoimidazolidine.

A major product of the radiation-induced decomposition of 2'-deoxyguanosine in oxygen-saturated aqueous solution has been isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by carbon and proton NMR spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and chemical analysis as (2S)-2,5'-anhydro-1-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-guanid inylidene- 2-hydroxy-4-oxoimidazolidine(d < G). This compound is stable in aqueous solution at room temperature but decomposes upon heating (45 degrees C). The lesion is also observed following type I (riboflavin, benzophenone, and acetophenone) photosensitized irradiation of 2'-deoxyguanosine at 350 nm in oxygen-saturated aqueous solution. A similar reaction mechanism, involving a neutral guanine radical intermediate, is proposed to explain the generation of d < G following both types of irradiation.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1992

Photooxidation of d(TpG) by phthalocyanines and riboflavin. Isolation and characterization of dinucleoside monophosphates containing the 4R* and 4S* diastereoisomers of 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxo-2'-deoxy-guanosine.

Phthalocyanine mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) in oxygen saturated aqueous solution has previously been shown to result in the addition of molecular oxygen to the guanine base generating the 4R* and 4S* diastereoisomers of 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (dO) (the asterisk denotes unambiguous assignment of the 4R and 4S diastereoisomers). The data presented here show that the same guanine modified bases are generated in a 1:1 ratio when thymidylyl-(3',5')-2'-deoxyguanosine (d(TpG)) is similarly photo-oxidized. These modified dinucleoside monophosphates, labelled d(TpO)-A and -B, have been isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by proton NMR spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and enzymatic digestions. Photosensitization in D2O instead of H2O leads to an increase in the rate of d(TpO) formation that is consistent with a type II (singlet oxygen) reaction mechanism. Three interesting properties of these modified dinucleoside monophosphates are: i) the rate of their digestion with spleen phosphodiesterase is greatly reduced relative to d(TpG), ii) they are not digested by snake venom phosphodiesterase, and iii) they are stable to 1.0 M piperidine at 90 degrees C for 30 min. The latter observation indicates that 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxoguanine is not a base lesion responsible for the strand breaks observed following hot piperidine treatment of DNA exposed to type II photosensitizers or chemically generated singlet oxygen.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reaction of singlet oxygen with 2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA. Isolation and characterization of the main oxidation products.

The reaction of singlet molecular oxygen with 2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA was studied. Emphasis was placed on the identification and characterization of the main methylene blue mediated type II (singlet oxygen) oxidation products of 2'-deoxyguanosine and its corresponding 3',5'-di-O-acetylated derivative. Two major oxidation products of 2'-deoxyguanosine were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry analysis and extensive 1H and 13C NMR measurements as the two 4R* and 4S* diastereomers of 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. The addition of 1O2 was also found to occur to the base moiety of the corresponding 3',5'-di-O-acetylated derivative. Methylene blue mediated photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine led also to the production of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, but in a relatively lower yield with respect to the two above diastereomers. The participation of singlet oxygen in the mechanism of formation of these oxidation products was confirmed. A reasonable mechanism involving the transient formation of an unstable endoperoxide produced through a Diels-Alder 1,4-cycloaddition of singlet oxygen to the purine ring is suggested. Quantitative analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the two diastereomers of 4,8-dihydro-4-hydroxy-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine are the main singlet oxygen oxidation products of the guanine moiety within nucleosides, whereas 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine was found to be the major 1O2 oxidation product of guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Circular Dichroism↗