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Biomedical subjects

J L Reed

Publications and source records attributed to J L Reed.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Inpatient care of mentally ill people in prison: results of a year's programme of semistructured inspections.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the facilities for inpatient care of mentally disordered people in prison. DESIGN: Semistructured inspections conducted by doctor and nurse. Expected standards were based on healthcare quality standards published by the Prison Service or the NHS. SETTING: 13 prisons with inpatient beds in England and Wales subject to the prison inspectorate's routine inspection programme during 1997-8. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Appraisals of quality of care against published standards. RESULTS: The 13 prisons had 348 beds, 20% of all beds in prisons. Inpatient units had between 3 and 75 beds. No doctor in charge of inpatients had completed specialist psychiatric training. 24% of nursing staff had mental health training; 32% were non-nursing trained healthcare officers. Only one prison had occupational therapy input; two had input from a clinical psychologist. Most patients were unlocked for about 3.5 hours a day and none for more than nine hours a day. Four prisons provided statistics on the use of seclusion. The average length of an episode of seclusion was 50 hours. CONCLUSION: The quality of services for mentally ill prisoners fell far below the standards in the NHS. Patients' lives were unacceptably restricted and therapy limited. The present policy dividing inpatient care of mentally disordered prisoners between the prison service and the NHS needs reconsideration.

England↗
PubMed2000

Effects of sex composition by class and instructor's sex on physical self-efficacy of college men.

The relationship of sex composition of class and instructor's sex to Physical Self-efficacy has yielded conflicting results in several studies. This study examined the relationship of sex composition of class and instructor's sex to scores on Physical Self-efficacy, Perceived Physical Ability, and Physical Self-presentation Confidence of 80 male students enrolled in one of four sections of a strength training class. Analysis indicated no significant difference on Physical Self-efficacy between male students who were enrolled in all male classes or in coeducational classes; improvements in scores on Physical Self-efficacy were not specific to the sex composition of the class or sex of the instructor and no significant difference on Perceived Physical Ability and Physical Self-presentation Confidence between male students who joined an all male class or a coeducational class. Perceived Physical Ability improved from the pretest to the posttest in all classes; and no improvement in scores for Physical Self-presentation Confidence was found in all classes. In conclusion, the analysis showed sex composition of the class and sex of the instructor were not significantly related to scores for self-efficacy.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Regulatory mechanisms of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

Here, we describe the latest developments on the mechanistic characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) [EC 2.4.2.30], a DNA-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of protein-bound ADP-ribose polymers in eucaryotic chromatin. A detailed kinetic analysis of the automodification reaction of PARP in the presence of nicked dsDNA indicates that protein-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation probably occurs via a sequential mechanism since enzyme-bound ADP-ribose chains are not reaction intermediates. The multiple enzymatic activities catalyzed by PARP (initiation, elongation, branching and self-modification) are the subject of a very complex regulatory mechanism that may involve allosterism. For instance, while the NAD+ concentration determines the average ADP-ribose polymer size (polymerization reaction), the frequency of DNA strand breaks determines the total number of ADP-ribose chains synthesized (initiation reaction). A general discussion of some of the mechanisms that regulate these multiple catalytic activities of PARP is presented below.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗
PubMed1995

Changes in serum lipids and apolipoproteins after exercise in men with high cholesterol: influence of intensity.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the short-term changes in blood lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in healthy hypercholesterolemic men after high-intensity [80% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max); n = 20] or moderate-intensity (50% VO2max; n = 19) cycle ergometer exercise balanced for caloric expenditure (350 kcal). The men's age, height, weight, %fat, and VO2max were 46 +/- 2 yr, 173 +/- 7 cm, 82.7 +/- 2.2 kg, 28 +/- 1%, and 31.1 +/- 1.0 ml O2.kg-1.min-1, respectively. Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, then 24 and 48 h later, and concentrations of all variables were adjusted for changes in plasma volume. Significant changes (P < 0.0016) were as follows: total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell by 4% immediately after exercise and then rose by 5-8% by 48 h. Triglycerides were 18 and 15% lower at 24 and 48 h, respectively. HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein3-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B rose 8-9% by 24 h and remained elevated. High-density lipoprotein2-cholesterol rose by 27% by 48 h after exercise, but this change was not significant. Apolipoprotein A-I did not change with exercise. The response patterns were not affected by exercise intensity. These data show that a single session of exercise performed by untrained hypercholesterolemic men alters blood lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations. Furthermore, the postexercise response patterns are not influenced by exercise intensity, as long as caloric expenditure is held constant.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychiatric morbidity in homeless women.

The psychiatric status of 70 homeless women from two direct-access hostels in inner-London was assessed. Detailed sociodemographic, psychiatric and physical illness data were also collected, and where possible, verified from psychiatric and general hospital sources. Forty-five women met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia, but few were in contact with the psychiatric services or in receipt of any treatment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Spatio-temporal processing in multiple sclerosis.

The processing of spatial and temporal detail was investigated in patients with multiple sclerosis. Normal observers and 13 patients with optic neuritis secondary to multiple sclerosis performed a battery of visual tests that included contrast sensitivity, temporal integration, evoked potentials, and visual masking. The multiple sclerosis patients exhibited losses of pattern processing, and these deficits became more noticeable when the patterns were presented briefly. Moreover, these patients exhibited diverse response patterns for the different visual tests. For some, temporal integration functions appeared severely attenuated, while evoked potential latency was within normal limits. Others displayed poor performance in the visual masking test, yet contrast sensitivity functions were comparable to those of the control group. We suggest that a battery of tests that incorporates spatial as well as temporal stimuli is necessary for the detection of visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Spatial frequency tuning in the visual evoked potential elicited by sine-wave gratings.

This investigation examined the onset response of the transient visually evoked potential elicited by the appearance-disappearance of sine-wave gratings at various levels of spatial frequency, suprathreshold contrast, and stimulus duration. The response was most easily characterized by two negative-positive complexes that were differentially tuned to spatial frequency. The earlier complex peaked at high spatial frequencies while the later complex peaked at low spatial frequencies. For both complexes, amplitude showed only slight variations across three-octave ranges of contrast and duration. Latency was curvilinearly related to spatial frequency, decreased with increasing contrast, and showed no apparent change as a function of duration.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Gastric emptying, glucose tolerance and associated hormonal changes in heroin addiction.

The gastric emptying rate of 8 heroin-dependent males was measured by means of a radioactive isotope method. A simultaneous oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. The glucose response showed a low, flat curve with a delayed peak, and increased secretion of insulin and growth hormone occurred. As the gastric emptying rate proved to be normal the observed metabolic abnormalities are not due to the effect of heroin on the gastro-intestinal tract, but must be attributed to some other effect of chronic heroin administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Loss in pattern-elicited electroretinograms in optic nerve dysfunction.

Both flash- and pattern-elicited electroretinograms and visual-evoked potentials were recorded from a patient with well-documented unilateral optic nerve dysfunction. Although the flash-elicited electroretinograms from the left and right eyes did not differ in amplitude or latency, the flash-elicited visual-evoked potentials were greatly attenuated. Prominent pattern-elicited electroretinograms and visual-evoked potentials, were recorded from the better eye, but neither could be obtained from the affected eye. These results supported the contention that pattern-elicited electroretinograms are derived from optic nerve activity and that the absence of such responses may be diagnostic of loss of optic nerve function. This suggests that testing protocols aimed at assessing optic nerve function might benefit from the inclusion of pattern-elicited electroretinographic recordings. We also obtained contrast sensitivity functions from both eyes. Although considerably suppressed, the contrast sensitivity of the affected eye exhibited a 3-octave range, indicating some pattern-processing capability.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant.

This paper presents a review of the literature on the effects of maternal narcotic addictions upon the foetus and newborn infant. Six children born to 'registered' narcotic addicts were studied, and particular attention was paid to any signs of narcotic withdrawal that might occur after birth. Although all the mothers took heroin or methadone regularly up to the time of delivery, minor physical signs which might have been considered part of the withdrawal syndrome occurred in only one baby. The absence of major withdrawal signs found in this study contrasts with previous findings. The reasons for these differences are discussed, and the implications of these observations for the management of the pregnant narcotic addict and her newborn infant are considered.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1977

Circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroids in heroin dependent subjects.

The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid secretion was investigated in six heroin dependent subjects by measuring plasma corticosteroids at 09.00 hours and 24.00 hours. All results were within the normal range and it seems unlikely that chronic heroin dependence affects the hypothalamic control of corticosteroid secretion.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1975

The diagnosis of 'hysteria'.

A study of 120 inpatients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria is presented and the validity of the diagnosis questioned. Clinical study showed that 13% showed only hysterical symptoms, 33% showed hysterical symptoms occuring with affective symptoms, 28% showed affective symptomatology only, and the remainder were either of other or uncertain diagnostic grouping. It is concluded that the 13% are suffering from a condition that can only be diagnosed as hysteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Hysteria.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abreaction↗
PubMed1973

Oral glucose tolerance and hormonal response in heroin-dependent males.

Tests on 12 heroin addicts showed that their response to a glucose load differed from that in normal controls. Though the fasting blood sugar was normal, the rise in blood glucose after a standard 50-g oral glucose tolerance test was delayed and the rise smaller than in the controls. The heroin addicts had high resting insulin levels and a delayed peak response to an oral glucose load, and their growth hormone response was also abnormal.

Adolescent↗