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Biomedical subjects

J L Young

Publications and source records attributed to J L Young.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Oxygen transport and peripheral microcirculation in long-term diabetes.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of long-term diabetes on muscle blood flow (MBF) and oxygen transport (vO2) during exercise. Twelve male patients (58 +/- 8 years, mean +/- SD), with at least a 10-year history of diabetes controlled by insulin, and seven age-matched controls (56 +/- 5 years, mean +/- SD) participated in this study. No patient had been clinically diagnosed as having peripheral vascular disease, and on the average resting ankle/arm systolic blood pressure ratios were normal. Following a baseline period, 5 min of cycle ergometer exercises at 75 W were performed in the upright position and, after 1-hr recovery, in the supine position. Continuous vO2 was determined via breath-by-breath analysis. MBF was measured in the vastus lateralis (VL) and tibialis anterior (TA) by 133Xe clearance. In the erect position, the diabetic group (compared with the control group, respectively) exhibited significantly (P less than 0.05) lower exercise MBF [ml. (100 g.min)-1] in both VL (19 +/- 2.5 vs 30.9 +/- 2) and TA (13.7 +/- 2 vs 22.0 +/- 4), a lower steady-state VO2 (1.3 +/- 0.3 vs 1.7 +/- 0.2 liters.min-1) during exercise including the values in the last 15 sec of exercise, and greater accumulation of blood lactate (35 +/- 2 vs 22.0 +/- 2 mg/100 ml). The same trends in the data were observed during supine exercise; however, the blood pressure of the diabetics was significantly elevated during exercise when compared with that of controls. The reduced exercise MBF in the TA and VL demonstrated that impaired microvascular flow, without clinically overt peripheral vascular disease, in long-term diabetics leads to reduced oxygen delivery and exercise tolerance.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1991

Molecular comparison of the negative-acting nitrogen control gene, nmr, in Neurospora crassa and other Neurospora and fungal species.

In Neurospora crassa, the expression of unlinked structural genes which encode nitrogen catabolic enzymes is subject to genetic and metabolic regulation. The negative-acting nmr regulatory gene appears to play a role in nitrogen catabolite repression. Using the N. crassa nmr gene as a probe, homologous sequences were identified in a variety of other filamentous fungi. The polymerase chain reaction was used to isolate the nmr-like gene from the exotic Mauriceville strain of N. crassa and from the two related species, N. intermedia and N. sitophila. Sequence comparisons were carried out with a 1.7-kb DNA segment which includes the entire coding region of nmr plus 5' and 3' noncoding sequences. The size of the nmr coding region was identical in all three Neurospora species. Approximately 30 nucleotide base substitutions were found in the coding region of the nmr gene of each of the sister species when compared to the standard N. crassa sequence. However, most of the base changes occurred in third codon positions and were silent. The NMR proteins of N. sitophila and of N. intermedia display only three and four amino acid substitutions, respectively, from the N. crassa protein. Two regions of high variability, which include deletions and insertions of bases, were found in the 5' and 3' noncoding regions of the gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Understanding due discretion of judgment in Catholic marriage courts.

Psychiatrists and psychologists provide consultation to the Catholic Church's marriage courts. Operating under the Church's legal code, these tribunals assess the validity of weddings that have ended in divorce. This report describes one of the standards used for this purpose, the lack of due discretion of judgment, which is concerned with the maturity, understanding, and appreciation that the couple brought to the ceremony. This normal capacity is vulnerable to various mental illnesses, which if present with sufficient severity may nullify the marriage vows as seen by the Church (though not necessarily by the state). Such a finding results in freedom to marry again despite the Church's ban on divorce, provided that due discretion of judgment is regained. Case examples and discussion of the assessment process for due discretion of judgment prepare the consultant to apply psychiatric findings to this unique and urgent legal issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Nucleotide sequence and analysis of NMR, a negative-acting regulatory gene in the nitrogen circuit of Neurospora crassa.

In Neurospora the expression of a set of unlinked structural genes, which allows utilization of various nitrogen-containing compounds, is controlled by the positive-acting nit-2 gene and the negative-acting nmr gene. The nucleotide sequence of the nmr gene has been determined and a long open reading frame which encodes a putative protein of 54854 daltons has been identified. A full-length cDNA clone was obtained and its the sequence revealed that the nmr gene contains no introns. The transcriptional start and stop sites have been mapped by S1 nuclease and primer extension. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce stop codons at various locations in the nmr coding region. Transformation assays showed that the proteins lacking up to 16% of the carboxyl-terminus were still functional. Homology searches showed that the nmr protein is homologous to the yeast arginine regulatory gene AR-GRII.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Recent trends in cervix uteri cancer.

Since the prevalence of several risk factors for cervix uteri cancer, such as sexual activity patterns, cigarette smoking, and contraceptive use, has changed over time, the authors analyzed US trends for this cancer during the 1970s to 1980s to search for corresponding variations. Invasive cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates continued to decrease among blacks and whites, although declines are moderating or plateauing among young whites. Carcinoma in situ rates have not changed greatly or have declined, more so among blacks than whites. Excess risks among blacks are less evident among younger than older age groups. Increasing trends were seen only among whites in certain age groups or with certain histologic types. Declining trends in cervical cancer appear related to the widespread use of cervical cytologic screening programs, which have counteracted increases anticipated from changes in risk factor prevalence. Continued surveillance is warranted, however, with special attention to the trends in cervical adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

The development and practice of pastoral counseling.

The practice of pastoral counselors is not well understood by secular mental health professionals, although evidence suggests that advantages can be gained by increasing the interaction between the two groups. Trends in the historical development of pastoral counseling are summarized, and a typology that distinguishes three major thrusts among its practitioners--religious counseling, pastoral mental health work, and pastoral psychotherapy--is offered. A clergy malpractice case that raises issues of joint concern to secular and religious therapists is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Expert testimony in cult-related litigation.

The work of forensic psychiatrists has expanded into the controversial area of cases involving new religious movements. Challenges to the expert witness in such cases include new questions and a large body of relevant literature. Published appeals decisions have appeared with judicial comments on the conduct of the involved experts. This article presents the comments about expert witnesses from judges who decided cases involving the major new issues of coercion both in recruitment into and forcible abduction from cults, and competency to join and make donations to these groups. The judicial comments are evaluated using relevant literature from the fields of law, psychiatry, and religion. This provides a basis for general observations and suggestions regarding the involvement of psychiatric experts in cult-related cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Molecular cloning and characterization of a negative-acting nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa.

Expression of the structural genes of the nitrogen control circuit of Neurospora crassa is regulated by the positive-acting nit-2 control gene and by the negative-acting nmr control gene. Nitrate reductase is expressed in a constitutive fashion in nmr mutant strains, which appear to be largely insensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. Thus, nmr mutants are sensitive to chlorate in the presence of ammonia or glutamine, whereas the wild type is chlorate resistant under these conditions. A cosmid library was screened for the presence of the nmr+ gene by the sib selection procedure, and a single cosmid was isolated which transforms the nmr mutant to chlorate resistance at a high frequency. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the cloned DNA segment maps to the precise genomic location of nmr. Northern blot analyses revealed that the nmr gene is itself not regulated but is expressed constitutively to give a single transcript of approximately 1.8 kb.

Chlorates↗
PubMed1988

The religious component of acute hospital treatment.

A clinically trained chaplain working part time in an acute psychiatric day hospital unit affords patients an opportunity to explore the religious dimension of their lives and educates staff about how to address patients' religious beliefs and incorporate them into treatment and discharge planning. The chaplain meets individually with patients at their request, is coleader with a mental health professional of a patients' group that discusses way of enriching one's life, and participates in clinical team meetings. During the first 12 months of the program, a pastoral consultation was requested by 59 percent of patients who were offered one at admission. About another 10 percent sought consultation later or attended the patient group. By incorporating a religious component in acute treatment programs, mental health care facilities can serve the broader purpose of increasing collaboration with religious and other groups in the community and expand the resources available to the patient at discharge.

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital↗
PubMed1987

Murine T cells reactive against autologous erythrocytes: evidence for in vitro and in vivo priming with mouse and rat red blood cells.

Normal mice are shown to harbor T cells that can be sensitized to proliferate against autologous red blood cells (RBC). These autoreactive cells were primed in vitro and in vivo with mouse as well as heterologous rat RBC, the in vivo administration of which has been previously shown to trigger the production of auto-RBC antibodies. Two broad classes of specificity are detected following priming: T cells cross-reactive for similar determinants coexpressed by mouse and rat RBC, and T cells specific for antigens restricted to self-RBC. These findings indicate that clonal deletion of self-RBC-reactive T cells is far from complete. The comparison of different in vitro and in vivo immunization protocols revealed the possible existence of several levels of immunoregulatory control which may prevent the expression of autoimmunity by these T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cancer incidence and mortality trends among whites in the United States, 1947-84.

Cancer incidence trends from the late 1940s to 1983-84 were assessed among white residents of five geographic areas (Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, Iowa, San Francisco-Oakland) by means of data derived from several National Cancer Institute surveys, the Connecticut Tumor Registry, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Incidence trends were compared with mortality trends for the entire United States and for the same five study areas. This study documented rising incidence and mortality rates for four cancers: lung cancer, melanoma of the skin, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Increases in lung cancer continued through the early 1980s, but the rate of increase has been moderating during recent years, particularly among males and at younger ages for whom recent declines are evident. Overall, lung cancer incidence rates increased more than 220 and 400% among males and females, respectively. Although much rarer than lung cancer, melanoma of the skin and multiple myeloma increased greatly until the early 1980s among both males and females. The overall rate of increase in melanoma incidence among males was greater than that for lung cancer, and the rate of increase in multiple myeloma mortality among females was exceeded only by that for lung cancer. Increases of 70-120% were observed for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Increases in incidence and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer were apparent during the early years but less conspicuous in recent years. Laryngeal and kidney cancer rates generally increased substantially, although the changes were not remarkable for laryngeal cancer mortality among males and kidney cancer mortality among females. The rates for cancers of the mouth and pharynx increased among females but not males. Prostate, colon, and bladder cancer incidence rates increased more than 65% among males, whereas mortality rates changed only moderately. The incidence of thyroid cancer increased more than 75% among both sexes until the late 1970s, but mortality rates have declined during the period of study. Breast cancer incidence increased 30%, whereas mortality rates remained remarkably constant. The incidence of corpus uteri cancer increased dramatically during the mid-1970s and decreased substantially thereafter; these changes were not reflected in the mortality rates, which continually declined during the entire time period. The incidence of testicular cancer increased more than 90% and that of Hodgkin's disease did not change greatly; however, mortality rates for both cancers declined more than 50% since the late 1960s and early 1970s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Civil commitment by conservatorship: the workings of California's law.

This article summarizes the conservatorship provisions of the California Civil Commitment Statute, the Lanterman-Petris-Short (LPS) Act and reviews the major findings from previous studies. By studying the hospital records of eighty-five gravely disabled patients affected by LPS, the authors address issues raised by these reports. The results indicate that the law's provisions work unevenly. Patients with acute and current disability received conservatorships more frequently than those who had been disabled in the past. There is some evidence that the process is used to confine threatening patients and does not function equally well for all diagnostic groups.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Medication noncompliance in schizophrenia: codification and update.

Risk of relapse and recidivism makes the failure to take antipsychotic medication as prescribed a significant issue in forensic psychiatry. This question may arise in such contexts as the setting of bail, plea bargaining, the insanity defense, and sentencing. We have reviewed the literature on medication noncompliance in schizophrenia and present here the results, organized by topics relevant for the work of forensic mental health experts. Reported rates of noncompliance vary widely, reflecting major differences in the populations studied and the methods used as well as the complexities involved in defining noncompliant behavior. A noncompliance rate of 50 percent has been attributed globally to chronic patients, both medical and psychiatric. The tendency of significant factors to interact precludes a simple typology of noncompliance. However, environmental security and supportiveness correlate positively with adherence; whereas anxiety, paranoia, grandiosity, depression, and side effects correlate negatively. Clinicians' assessments of whether medication is being taken have proven to be unreliable. Although monitoring by chemical measurement, particularly a radioreceptor assay for urine samples, can be useful, depot injection ensures that prescribed medication is being taken. Less invasive means of promoting compliance are described; psychodynamic and ethical issues to be considered in the monitoring and promotion of compliance over extended time periods are presented. We also probe the link between medication noncompliance and behavioral relapse. The time between default and relapse is most often measured in weeks. Whether due to medication withdrawal or not, the relapse pattern of each individual tends to repeat, allowing its recognition before recidivism occurs. Restarting medication at this stage, especially with a dosage increase, is usually effective. In sum, the forensic mental health expert can now readily use a large and diverse literature to assist with a variety of significant issues.

Antipsychotic Agents↗