[Health economics: the cost of illness and economic evaluation in respiratory diseases].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cost of Illness↗
Biomedical subjects
J López-Bastida
Publications and source records attributed to J López-Bastida.
[Routine preoperative screening of asymptomatic patients: beliefs and attitudes of anesthesiologists in the Canary Islands, Spain].
OBJECTIVES: To identify factors that explain anesthesiologists' inappropriate use of preoperative tests in asymptomatic patients scheduled for elective surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A validated questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists at university hospitals in the Canary Islands. Information about preoperative testing patterns and reasons for selecting tests was gathered. RESULTS: The questionnaire was self-administered by 66 anesthesiologists (68% of the total). Scientific knowledge was not the reason why most respondents ordered preoperative tests in asymptomatic individuals. That was the opinion of 95% of anesthesiologists for chest x-rays, 82% for electrocardiograms, and 68% for laboratory tests. Clinical history and a medical examination gave sufficient information for selecting patients in need of specific tests in the opinion of 77.19% of the respondents. Half did not agree that routine electrocardiograms and laboratory tests should be abandoned. The justification for these tests was coverage of medical malpractice liability for 68.42%. Most considered that the need to order preoperative tests in asymptomatic patients increased after age 40. CONCLUSIONS: Although anesthesiologists admit that their request for preoperative tests in asymptomatic individuals is not supported by scientific evidence, the quest for safety and legal protection from the consequences of potential adverse consequences of providing anesthesia affects the selection of preoperative tests for asymptomatic patients.
Adolescent↗
[Socio-economic costs of mental health in the Canary Islands, Spain, in 2002].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the economic impact in terms of direct and indirect costs of the mental health in Canary Islands (Spain) in 2002. DESIGN: The cost-of-illness method was used. Direct and indirect costs were estimated using prevalence cost, i.e., the costs produced in 2002. The human capital theory approach has been used. SETTING: Canary Islands, Spain, including primary health care and inpatient care. PARTICIPANTS: Mental health patients. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Direct health costs (inpatients, ambulatory care, primary health care, and drugs). Indirect costs (premature death, short-term illness, and permanent disability). RESULTS: The total costs of mental health were 189.59 million euros. The direct health costs were 81.67 million euros, constituting 43% of the total costs and 5.2% of the total public health care budget in this region. The indirect costs of mental health were 107.92 million euros, representing 57% of the total costs. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study adopts a conservative approach, the high socio-economic cost of the mental health helps us to define better the dimension of the problem to establish priorities besides opening a way towards cost-effectiveness studies that allow a more transparent debate on this topic.
Ambulatory Care↗
Bone mineral density referral for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using quantitative ultrasound as a prescreening tool in postmenopausal women from the general population: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
The aim of our study was to assess, from the perspective of the National Health Services in Spain, the cost-effectiveness of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) as a prescreen referral method for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in postmenopausal women of the general population. Using femoral neck DXA and heel QUS. We evaluated 267 consecutive postmenopausal women 65 years and older and attending primary care physician offices for any medical reason. Subjects were classified as osteoporotic or nonosteoporotic (normal or osteopenic) using the WHO definition for DXA. Effectiveness was assessed in terms of the sensitivity and specificity of the referral decisions based on the QUS measurement. Local costs were estimated from health services and actual resource used. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated in terms of the expected cost per true positive osteoporotic case detected. Baseline prevalence of osteoporosis evaluated by DXA was 55.8%. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of osteoporosis by QUS using the optimal cutoff thresholds for the estimated heel BMD T-score were 97% and 94%, respectively. The average cost per osteoporotic case detected based on DXA measurement alone was 23.85 euros. The average cost per osteoporotic case detected using QUS as a prescreen was 22.00 euros. The incremental cost-effectiveness of DXA versus QUS was 114.00 euros per true positive case detected. Our results suggest that screening for osteoporosis with QUS while applying strict cufoff values in postmenopausal women of the general population is not substantially more cost-effective than DXA alone for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, the screening strategy with QUS may be an option in those circumstances where the diagnosis of osteoporosis is deficient because of the difficulty in accessing DXA equipment.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
Preoperative assessment.
Although anaesthetic and surgical procedures should be individualised for every patient, in practice many preoperative protocols and routines are used generally. In this article, we aim to emphasise: why preoperative assessment is important; how it should be done, and by whom; what can be expected; and the importance of test selection based on patients' needs and on scientific evidence of effectiveness. We outline the roles of preoperative medical assessment in otherwise healthy patients. Clinical history, preoperative questionnaires, physical examination, routine tests, individual risk-assessment, and fasting policies are investigated by review of published work. Cost of routine preoperative assessment, the anaesthetist's legal responsibility, and patients'views in the preoperative process are also considered. A thorough clinical preoperative assessment of the patient is more important than routine preoperative tests, which should be requested only when justified by clinical indications. Moreover, this practice eliminates unnecessary cost without compromising the safety and quality of care. Education and training of medical doctors should be more scientifically guided, emphasising the relevance of effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness in clinical decision-making and complemented by audit.
Anesthesia↗
[Cost analysis and potential savings related to the use of preoperative tests in the hospitals of the Canary Islands [Spain]].
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential cost savings that might take place in the Canary Islands Health Service (CHS) through the appropriate scientific use of preoperative tests, using information obtained from five public university hospitals. METHODS: A questionnaire was completed by 55 anesthesiologists, representing 60% of the total in the CHS. The questionnaire paid special attention to the most frequently used preoperative tests: chest radiograph, electrocardiogram, laboratory tests, and spirometry. The mean unit costs for the various preoperative tests were obtained from the two hospitals participating in the study. To calculate the potential cost savings derived from the appropriate use of preoperative tests, several scenarios were considered. These were characterized by different hypotheses or degrees of fulfillment of a protocol based on scientific knowledge and considered as the gold standard. RESULTS: In the ideal scenario in which the recommended scientific protocol was fulfilled in 100% of the 16 179 patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade of I-II, the economic impact would be notable, since it would free sensitive resources that could be used for other health programs. These figures could amount to approximately 1.02 million euros, without considering the cost of preoperative hospital stay. This figure could increase by up to approximately 2.13 million euros if one day of preoperative hospital stay were included and by up to 3.24 million euros if two days of preoperative hospital stay were included. CONCLUSIONS: The recent literature review and the results of the questionnaire applied in the CHS indicate that preoperative tests are of greatest benefit to patients and to society if their use is guided by scientific knowledge. In addition, resources can be freed by better selection and utilization of preoperative tests.
Anesthesia Department, Hospital↗
[Socioeconomic costs of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Canary Islands (Spain) in 1998].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the economic impact in terms of direct and indirect costs of the cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Canary Islands in 1998. METHODS: The cost-of-illness method was used. Direct and indirect costs were estimated using prevalence costs, i.e., the costs produced in 1998. Direct costs were divided into hospitalization costs, outpatient costs, primary health care costs, and drug costs while indirect costs were obtained through transformation of physical units into monetary units using the approach of human capital theory and the friction cost method. RESULTS: The total costs of cardiovascular disease and cancer were 246.11 and 193.72 million euros respectively. The direct costs of the two diseases were 134.44 and 58.04 million euros respectively, representing 55% and 30% of total costs and 16% of total health care expenditure in this region. The indirect costs of these two diseases were 111.68 and 135.68 million euros respectively, representing 45% and 70% of total costs. Use of the friction cost method revealed that indirect costs decreased by 88% for cardiovascular disease and those for cancer decreased by 77%. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study adopts a conservative approach by omitting costs associated with pain and suffering, permanent disability, and those of at-home care provided by the family, the annual socioeconomic cost of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Canary Islands was high, amounting to 440 million euros.
Atlantic Islands↗