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Biomedical subjects

J M Borgoño

Publications and source records attributed to J M Borgoño.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Purulent meningitis: a long-standing problem].

Bacterial meningitis is a problem for Public Health that has to be reviewed periodically. Most of the infections are due to Meningococcus, Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Seventy per cent of the cases are seen in children less than 5 years old; mortality ranges between 5% to 20% of the patients. Progress has been made with vaccination for Meningococcus types A and C and for H influenzae type B. In Chile, meningococcal meningitis is endemic, with epidemic bouts in the north part of the country. Currently, studies are in progress in Santiago with vaccination against H influenzae type B, in the hope that it can be extended to the rest of the country.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1986

Geographic variation in infant loss of maternal measles antibody and in prevalence of rubella antibody.

Maternal and cord measles and rubella antibodies were compared in 15 populations from Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, India, Jordan, Nigeria, South Africa, Taiwan, and the United States. Review of the literature concerning these countries showed that a higher proportion of children 6-12 months of age responded immunologically to measles vaccine in areas with low per capita product than in wealthier populations. The authors show that this difference reflects differences in maternal antibody titer and differences in efficiency of transport of measles immunity across the placenta. No variation in the half-life of passive measles immunity in the infant was found in comparing three geographic areas. When these biologic factors are fully evaluated, it should be possible to predict the response to be expected from vaccination at any particular age without directly testing the vaccine in children below and above generally recommended ages for vaccination. With regard to rubella, high antibody prevalence rates were found in most of the developing countries, as well as in the United States, and these countries are therefore unlikely to encounter widespread problems with congenital rubella. However, Taiwan, and all of four areas of Brazil have prevalence rates which are no higher than those which pertained in the United States prior to establishment of the rubella immunization program. The authors believe that protection of the infants in these countries is a matter of high priority, but that, if approached hastily, it could exacerbate the problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The Chilean experience with antipoliomyelitis vaccination.

The classical epidemiological picture of poliomyelitis in Chile completely changed in the 70s after the control programme had been steadily initiated in the early 60s. The technical and administrative approaches developed by the programme are presented. The epidemiological, immunological, managing and cost advantages of oral attenuated polio vaccine have proven in the Chilean experience to be highly efficacious when the vaccine is given to a community on the basis of permanent programmes with sufficient coverage. Different technical and administrative strategies in furnishing polio vaccine and the backing of the health infrastructure of the country have proved to be successful in reducing incidence to zero. The active role of the community, the steady and permanent adjustment of the programme, the integration of vaccination activities to a place of prime importance in local health services and epidemiological surveillance are all considered to be highly important in the results obtained.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1978

25 years of an integrated vaccination program in Chile.

Various problems and subjects related to the long Chilean experience in vaccination programmes are reported. Emphasis is placed on proper administrative and planning steps in order to obtain the right epidemiological diagnosis, to develop the infrastructure of health, to support financially, to manage resources, to train personnel, to apply techniques and to evaluate periodically. The advantages of the integration of the programme in primary services are commented on. Epidemiological evaluation and surveillance are considered highly important in the successes obtained. The particular structure of health services in Chile has played a meaningful role in meeting public health requirements for the past 25 years, specifically with respect to vaccination programmes.

Chile↗
PubMed1977

Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofagasta: epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant.

This is a second report of epidemiological and clinical investigation, related to the arsenic health problem, unique in the world, occurring in the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The arsenic problem originates in the chronic contamination of water supply in the city during 12 years. This phenomena, investigated clinically and epidemiologically and first reported in 1971, prompted the installation of a water treatment plant. This report aims to evaluate the working efficiency of the plant. The study was carried out through the examination of arsenic content in hair and nail clipping samples of the inhabitants of Antofagasta and the determination of this element in cultivated vegetables and carbonated beverages. Also a clinical study in school children, looking for cutaneous lesions attributed to arsenicism, was made. Results are encouraging. They reveal that contamination persists but in significantly lower levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Use of the bifurcated needle for BCG vaccination of newborns.

The bifurcated needle vaccination method used successfully against smallpox is a relatively simple technique that can be administered by personnel with only basic preparation and a minimum of training. This fact suggests that it could prove useful in campaigns of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis--especially for vaccination of newborns. With this end in mind, two studies were carried out in Santiago, Chile, to examine previously reported difficulties with the method and to assess its potential as an alternative to the best current method, that of intradermal inoculation. These studies indicated that previously reported variations in the results achieved by different vaccinators could be markedly reduced. However, they also found that the bifurcated needle method did not cause a sufficiently large dose of vaccine to enter the subject--even when fifteen needle strokes and a highly concentrated vaccine (160 mg per ml) were employed. It was thus concluded that although modification of the needle or other changes might ultimately yield satisfactory results, the bifurcated needle technique cannot yet be recommended for BCG vaccination of newborns.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1976

Field trials with killed oral typhoid vaccines.

The article gives the results of the use of two types of killed oral typhus vaccine administered to students 10 to 19 years of age in two urban areas of the Province of Santiago. Vaccine from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was administered to 37,517 students and placebo to an equivalent control group. The period of observation was 18 months (November 1973-April 1975). The other product, from the German Federal Republic (GFR) was administered to 37,566 students, with placebo given to an equivalent control group. In this case the observation period was 7 months (October 1974-April 1975). The antigenic composition of the two vaccines is qualitatively and quantitatively different as are the characteristics of their preparation. In the field trial with the product from the GDR, the morbidity for typhoid fever in the vaccinated and control groups showed statistically significant differences, even though on the border line level. Satisfactory and highly significant results had been obtained with the product in earlier field trials. The difference observed between morbidity in the two groups in the field trial with GFR vaccine was not significant. It is emphasized in this regard that the observation period was shorter in this case, which precludes definitive conclusions. A high proportion of reliable confirmation of diagnosis of cases is evident for both field trials. The findings show the need for subjecting this type of vaccine to further and better field trials.

Administration, Oral↗