PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J M Darves-Bornoz

Publications and source records attributed to J M Darves-Bornoz.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Similarities and differences between incestuous and nonincestuous rape in a French follow-up study.

Clinicians are familiar with the life and psychological difficulties of incest victims, but their observations often are refuted as being retrospective and unsystematic. We aimed to ascertain similarities and differences between incestuous rape and nonincestuous rape. One hundred and two victims consulting a French forensic center were interviewed in a systematic follow-up study over 6 months using structured interview schedules. Stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and characteristics of the trauma showed that posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, agoraphobia, and low self-esteem were overrepresented in the incest-rape group compared to the nonincest-rape group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Validation of a French version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a rape-victim population.

OBJECTIVE: To appreciate the extent and the features of dissociation in a hypothesized highly dissociated population, rape trauma victims, while assessing construct validity and internal consistency of a French version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), a simple screening instrument for dissociative symptoms. METHODS: One hundred and forty rape victims (mean age 23.6 years, 9% male) consecutively attending a Consultation for Victims of Psychological Trauma at the university hospital in Tours, France, were assessed through a French version of the 28-item self-rated DES. RESULTS: The mean score (24.1) was high, and 33% of the scores exceeded a threshold set at 30. The Principal Components Analysis of the DES ratings yielded a 3-factor solution: depersonalization-derealization, amnestic fragmentation of identity, and absorption-imaginative involvement. DES reliability was studied through computation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94). CONCLUSION: During validation of a French version of the DES, the study showed that dissociation is considerably linked to rape-trauma victim populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Gender differences in symptoms of adolescents reporting sexual assault.

Sexual assault on children and adolescents has become a common topic of study, but there has been little research into the specific characteristics of the population of male victims. A national survey representative of school-age adolescents in France enabled us to study 465 adolescents reporting sexual assault (121 boys, 344 girls; mean age 15.4, SD 2.5 years). Girls were shown to be more frequently affected by certain medicopsychological symptoms: nightmares, multiple somatic complaints and some items concerning mood disorders. On the other hand, behavioural symptoms were much more frequently expressed in boys, in particular: repeated suicide attempts, running away, fits of violence and substance use. Boys presenting these symptoms should be questioned as a matter of routine concerning a history of sexual assault.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Screening for psychologically traumatized rape victims.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether the General Health Questionnaire, a simple psychological screening instrument, could be useful to non-specialists in screening for psychologically traumatized rape victims. STUDY DESIGN: 285 rape victims (mean age 22.5, men 8%) attending consecutively a Consultation for Victims of Psychological Trauma at the University Hospital in Tours, France, were assessed through the Structured Interview for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (SI-PTSD), and the French 28-item version of the self-rated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). RESULTS: 70% had Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and 72% a GHQ-28 overthreshold score. The principal component analysis of the GHQ-28 ratings yielded a 4-factor solution: social dysfunction, feeling of foreshortened future type of depression, somatoform complaints and hyperalertness anxiety. GHQ-28 reliability and validity in screening for PTSD were studied through computation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.95), sensitivity (88%) and positive predictive value (86%). CONCCLUSION: Using the GHQ-28 is valid and appropriate for practical use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Self-reported health and behavioral problems among adolescent victims of rape in France: results of a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence rate of rape among French adolescents; to analyze the associated health and behavioral problems; to analyze the use of the health care system by rape victims. METHOD: A national representative sample of 8,140 students attending public secondary schools in France (grades 8 to 12) filled in a self-administered questionnaire (274 questions) on health and behavior problems (acceptance rate = 87%). Each rape victim in the sample (n = 61) was matched to two nonvictims (n = 122). RESULTS: The reported prevalence rate of rape was .8% (.9% among girls, .6% among boys). For both boys and girls, there was a relationship between rape and current sleep difficulties, depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, tobacco consumption, and behavior problems (running away, violent behavior, stealing, and school absenteeism). Additional problems were associated for boy rape victims: attempted suicide, regular use of alcohol and of illicit drugs. Rape victims did consult health professionals, but the majority saw neither a mental health specialist nor a social worker. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that rape victims, especially boys, have more behavior problems and health problems than nonrape victims. Authors suggest that adolescents who have ran away from home, attempted suicide, or manifested violent behavior should be systematically asked about rape.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Rape-related psychotraumatic syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: This study took place in a forensic center for rape victims. Our aims were: first, to explore the longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prevalence of disorders over the 6-month period following rape, then second, to group these disorders into syndromes related to chronic PTSD whilst remaining distinct from it, and third, to establish some predictive factors for chronic PTSD. STUDY DESIGN: 92 rape victims consecutively admitted to the center were regularly interviewed over a 6-month period by a psychiatrist. RESULTS: The paper confirms that rape leads to a high proportion of PTSD. Generally speaking, the psychopathology following rape is severe. PTSD at 6 months is associated with phobic and dissociative disorders. It is further associated with a cluster of symptoms arising after rape that we term borderline-like. Incestuous rape is a predictive factor for PTSD at 6 months. CONCLUSION: In the aftermath of rape several semiologically distinct psychotraumatic syndromes exist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Syndrome secondary to traumatic stress (PTSD) and addictive behaviors].

Ninety psychiatric female inpatients had an interview using structural clinical instruments. The patients were often exposed during their lifetime to psychic trauma and especially to sexual abuse in childhood (27%) and rape (21%). Rape is a risk factor for chronicity and severity of mental disorders. Post-traumatic disorders such as PTSD, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders and borderline-like disorder are linked to rape. Addictive behavior such as alcohol abuse, drugs use, repeated suicide attempts or eating disorders, is also associated with raped patients and especially with those who developed PTSD after rape.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sexual victimization in women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Exposure of populations with psychosis to traumatic events (among them sexual trauma) has seldom been studied. In addition, the clinical features developed by victims with psychosis after a traumatic event are rarely taken into account. Sixty-four women with schizophrenia and 26 women with bipolar disorder (DSM-III-R diagnosed, 18-45 years, inpatients and outpatients) were interviewed using a clinician-rated battery of instruments, including a semi-structured questionnaire concerning sexual victimization and its impact. In childhood or adolescence, 36% of women with schizophrenia (vs 28% of those with bipolar disorder) had been victims of sexual abuse involving body contact. In the women with schizophrenia, this sexual abuse was associated with addictions, suicide attempts and becoming psychiatric patients earlier. Over their lifetime, the prevalence of rape was 23% in the two clinical groups. In women with schizophrenia, rape was associated with a greater severity of their disorder and addictions. Moreover, a frequent repetition of sexual trauma was observed in women with schizophrenia, whereas such repeated traumas were less frequent in those with bipolar disorder. The results suggest that these two clinical groups are at risk of rape and the study highlight clinical features in victims with schizophrenia that have been described for other groups of victims of sexual abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Psychotic women and their children].

With desinstitutionalization, the social life of psychiatric patients and particularly that of psychotics has arisen in new terms over the past twenty years. In particular, relationships and sexuality of these patients are manifest realities to which few studies are devoted. 61 schizophrenic and 21 bipolar women (18-45 years of age, mean 34 in-or outpatients) were interviewed with a battery of instruments (PANSS, Carpenter's criteria of schizophrenia with deficit syndrome, axis V of DSM-III-R) and with a semi-structured questionnaire related to clinical data, sexuality, relationships, children and motherhood. Half of the schizophrenic women have an active sexual life, and children. The study provides information about the reproduction rate of schizophrenic women, the precocity of their pregnancies and the outcome of their children. The study also treats these women's ability to rear their children, their desire to have children and any hospitalizations during the perinatal period. These results, as well as those related to abortion and contraception, are discussed in the light of those of the bipolar control group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Psychological trauma and mental disorders].

Fifty-eight female impatients consecutively hospitalized in the University Hospital Department of Psychiatry in Tours were interviewed with a clinician battery of instruments (among them, the SI-PTSD by Davidson). The diagnoses leading to hospitalization were: severe disorders of psychotic type (schizophrenic, schizophreniform, schizo-affective, schizoid and paranoid delusional disorders as well as bipolar disorder), borderline and narcissistic personalities for 7%, and other disorders for 53%. Among the results, we observed that 59% of these patients had experienced at least one major stressful event (rape 26%, other sexual assault 29%, physical assault 31%, seeing somebody dying in a violent way 8%, war scene 2%, injured in an accident 2%). As a consequence, 61% of the victims have suffered from PTSD and the diagnosis of PTSD was still present in 21%. In addition, in the victims, somatoform and dissociative disorders were significantly more frequent.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Treating psychic traumas: a psychiatric emergency].

Interest for the psychopathological field of trauma has experienced a revival over the last fifteen years. Early and active treatment of victims is necessary to attenuate the psychopathological consequences of trauma. However, emergency psychiatry still rarely places a high value on it. This paper presents a case which contains in itself many aspects of psychological responses to psychologically traumatizing events. Trauma induced in this case, in particular, Dissociative Disorders (including a Dissociative Fugue), a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Somatoform Disorders and Phobic Disorders. This case gives us the opportunity to situate the psychiatric emergency--"psychological trauma"--and to illustrate our talk with regard to the principles of mid-term and emergency treatment of victims.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Nosography of autism. Critical discussion of current classifications].

Child autism is a serious and early-forming developmental disorder and its nosography is evolving quickly. Classifications of autism have been produced since the works of Kanner in 1943 and especially in the last fifteen years, or so in order to respond to the needs of clinical practice and of research. Because of the presence of borderline or various uncommon clinical forms and, more generally, considering the heterogeneousness of clinical conditions concerning autism, it appears necessary to break up autism into better defined sub-groups. Moreover, the existing systems do not apply very well before the age of two or three, when the diagnosis and investigations nevertheless begin. Progress is achieved today by using simultaneously multidimensional and quantitative evaluations, an example of which is presented. In the future, a knowledge of etiological factors and/or the identification of biological markers will guide the classification of developmental disorders.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of post-traumatic stress syndrome].

This paper reviews different psychotherapeutic and drug treatments for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychotherapeutic treatments have changed from the abreaction technique to more classical psychodynamic approaches and recently to cognitive and behavioral techniques. Many drugs have been used in the treatment of PTSD but most of the studies were not controlled and included very few patients. More recently, double blind controlled studies have been performed comparing imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, phenelzine and placebo. A global efficacy has been found but the improvement was more closely related to associated symptoms, namely anxiety and depression, than to the core symptoms of PTSD.

Amitriptyline↗