Gene-gene concordance and the phylogenetic relationships among rare and widespread pygmy sunfishes (genus Elassoma).
Pygmy sunfishes (Elassoma) are primarily lowland species with an interesting biogeographic dichotomy: three species have broad geographic distributions, and three are narrowly distributed (and have been recommended for threatened or endangered status). To test phylogenetic predictions derived from the geographic distributions of pygmy sunfishes and possible historical factors contributing to the threatened/endangered status of the rare species, we reconstructed trees for two mitochondrial genes and introns of three nuclear genes. The pattern and rate of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence evolution were heterogeneous within Elassoma, but relationships were generally concordant across gene trees. Elassoma is monophyletic and, as predicted by geographic distributions, E. evergladei, E. okefenokee, and E. zonatum consistently branch from deeper nodes. Phylogeographic structure in mitochondrial and nuclear genes also supports an early origin of E. zonatum. Phylogenetic analyses of the five loci support widely divergent positions for the rare species E. alabamae. Two rare species, E. boehlkei and E. okatie, are sister taxa and are related to a widespread species, E. evergladei.