Acute toxicity of nitrofurazone to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and goldfish, Carassius auratus.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J M Grizzle
Publications and source records attributed to J M Grizzle.
Uptake of channel catfish virus from water by channel catfish and bluegills.
Radiolabeled channel catfish virus entered the gills of juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and was then concentrated in the gut and the liver over 48 hours. Diminution of radioactivity was not detected in these tissues over the course of the experiment. Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were capable of clearing the virus during a period of 48 hours. [3H]Thymidine alone had a different distribution in the channel catfish than did labeled virus.
Animals↗
Abnormal folate metabolism in feed-related anemia of cultured channel catfish.
"No-blood disease" is a severe, feed-related anemia of channel catfish. Pathological features in advanced cases include almost total absence of circulating red blood cells, hepatic fatty change, megaloblastic arrest of hematopoiesis, and intussusceptions of the small intestine. In view of similarities to folate deficiency in man studies were made regarding the intake and metabolism of folic acid. When a bacterial culture medium, containing inorganic salts and folic acid as the sole carbon source, was inoculated with a small sample of anemia-producing feed, over 95% of the folate was destroyed. A yellow precipitate formed and had the characteristic uv spectrum of pteroic acid; it represented 32% of the folate originally present. Differential microbiological assays revealed that the same anemia-producing feed contained 20 times as much folate activity for Streptococcus fecalis as for Lactobacillus casei (59 micrograms/g vs 2.6 micrograms/g). This growth response is compatible with an excess of pteroic acid and/or formyl-pteroic acid which support the former but not the latter organism. Plasma folate activity (mean +/- SD, ng/ml) assayed with L. casei and S. fecalis in 22 normal catfish (hematocrit range 32-43) was 17.2 +/- 6.2 and 23.4 +/- 13.8, respectively. Comparable values in 15 anemic catfish (hematocrit range 0 to 30) were 35.5 +/- 33.7 and 58.7 +/- 76.5. The mean plasma pteroate activity, estimated by subtraction, was 6.2 and 23.2 ng/ml, respectively, in normal and anemic fish. Fingerling catfish raised under controlled conditions on feed containing 130 mg/kg of pteroic acid failed to gain weight and developed anemia with the characteristic red cell morphologic features that are seen in the naturally occurring disease. We conclude that severe anemia in channel catfish can be caused by abnormal folate metabolism and may be due to ingestion of folic acid-breakdown products, such as pteroic acid. It is postulated that microorganisms in contaminated feed synthesize folate which, in turn, is converted to pteroate by a pseudomonad or similar organism.
Anemia↗
Diethylnitrosamine-induced pancreatic neoplasms in the fish Rivulus ocellatus marmoratus.
Diethylnitrosamine [(DEN) CAS: 55-18-5] caused neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas in rivulus, Rivulus ocellatus marmoratus, a self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish, after a single exposure to 810, 270, or 130 mg DEN/liter or after a continuous exposure to 50, 17, or 9 mg DEN/liter. Rivulus developed pancreatic adenomas after a single exposure. After continuous exposure, pancreatic adenomas, cystadenomas, and adenocarcinomas developed. Adenocarcinoma developed in fish first exposed as larvae but not in those first exposed as juveniles. Adenocarcinoma of pancreatic or biliary origin invaded the intestinal muscularis layer and mucosa. Dedifferentiation of acinar cells preceded the formation of adenomas, and atypical acinar cells formed parts of some of the ductlike structures in the pancreatic neoplasms.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Lymphocystis from West Indian marine fishes.
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Animals↗
Papillomas on fish exposed to chlorinated wastewater effluent.
The presence of carcinogenic and mutagenic chemical(s) in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was indicated by papillomas developing on caged black bullheads (Ictalurus melas), hepatic enzyme induction in exposed fish, and Ames test mutagenicity of organic extracts of the wastewater. Although virus-like particles have been reported in papillomas of several other fish species, no evidence was obtained for the presence of viruses in the black bullhead papillomas. Mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals were not identified in the wastewater, but chlorination was implicated as a factor contributing to the induction of the papillomas. The prevalence of papillomas on wild black bullheads exposed to the effluent decreased from 73 to 23% after the amount of residual chlorine (CAS: 7782-50-5) in the effluent leaving the chlorine contact chamber was reduced from 1.3-3.1 mg/liter to 0.25-1.2 mg/liter.
Animals↗
Necrosis and bacterial infection in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following hypoxia.
Apparently sterile lesions developed in the skin and musculature of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) six days after fish were severely stressed by an oxygen depletion associated with a phytoplankton die-off in an 8.9 ha pond. Lesions were characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from either the lesions ot internal organs of all moribund fish necropsied the day after lesions were first found. As the water quality improved the health of the fish improved. Water quality data collected before and after the oxygen depletion, and associated fish mortality, are presented.
Aeromonas↗
Pathology of diethylnitrosamine toxicity in the fish Rivulus marmoratus.
Rivulus marmoratus were exposed to 0, 10, 21, 45, 95, or 200 mg/liter diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 6 weeks and examined 12 weeks after the end of exposure. Fatty change, hepatocellular glycogenosis, multiple basophilic foci, enlarged and distorted cells with or without an enlarged nucleus, and hyaline bodies and cytological alterations observed after exposure to DEN. Hemangiomas, cholangiomas, biliary cystadenomas, and glandular, trabecular and anaplastic hepatocellular carcinomas were observed at the 18th week. Only those fish exposed to 95 mg/liter DEN had cavernous hemangiomas and peliosis-like lesions, which could be a preneoplastic lesion preceding cavernous hemangiomas. Adenomatous hyperplasia of thyroid and granulomas were other chronic reactions caused by DEN toxicosis.
Animals↗