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Biomedical subjects

J M Parrish

Publications and source records attributed to J M Parrish.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Haloacetate-induced oxidative damage to DNA in the liver of male B6C3F1 mice.

Brominated and chlorinated haloacetates (HAs) are by-products of drinking water disinfection. Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are hepatocarcinogenic in rodents, but the brominated analogs have received little study. Prior work has indicated that acute doses of the brominated derivatives are more potent inducers of oxidative stress and increase the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) content of the nuclear DNA in the liver. Since, DCA and TCA are also known as weak peroxisome proliferators, the present study was intended to determine whether this activity might be exacerbated by peroxisomal proliferation. Classical responses to peroxisome proliferators, cyanide-insensitive acyl-CoA oxidase activity and increased 12-hydroxylation of lauric acid, were elevated in a dose-related manner in mice maintained on TCA and clofibric acid (positive control), but not with DCA, dibromoacetate (DBA) or bromochloroacetate (BCA). Administration of the HAs in drinking water to male B6C3F1 mice for periods from 3 to 10 weeks resulted in dose-related increases in 8-OH-dG in nuclear DNA of the liver with DBA and BCA, but not with TCA or DCA. These findings indicate that oxidative damage induced by the haloacetates is, at least in part, independent of peroxisome proliferation. In addition, these data suggest that oxidative damage to DNA may play a more important role in the chronic toxicology of brominated compared to the chlorinated haloacetates.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1996

Lipid peroxidation and formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine from acute doses of halogenated acetic acids.

Chlorinated, brominated, and mixed bromochloro acetates are major by-products of water disinfection by chlorine or ozone. The chlorinated acetates, trichloroacetate (TCA) and dichioroacetate (DCA), are carcinogenic in rodents. Brominated analogs of TCA and DCA have received little study. TCA and DCA induce lipid peroxidation in the livers of rodents when administered acutely. Oxidative stress can also result in oxidative damage to DNA, most commonly measured as increases in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adducts. In this study, the ability of acute doses of TCA, DCA, dibromoacetate (DBA), bromodichloroacetate (BDCA), and bromochloroacetate (BCA) to induce lipid peroxidation and 8-OHdG formation was examined. Male B6C3F1 mice developed significant increases in 8-OHdG/dG ratios in nuclear DNA isolated from livers when treated with haloacetates. The extent of 8-OHdG formation appeared to be related to the ability to induce thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The order of potency was DBA = BCA > BDCA > DCA > TCA. The induction of 8-OHdG was found to be generally more sensitive to treatment with haloacetates than the TBARS response. Significantly elevated levels of 8-OHdG were observed at doses of DBA, BCA, and BDCA as low as 30 mg/kg. We suggest that formation of 8-OHdG by brominated haloacetates may contribute to their toxicological effects.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1993

Behavior management in the child with developmental disabilities.

Pediatricians who serve children with developmental disabilities would be well advised to study and practice applied behavior analysis. Within a behavior analytic framework, the pediatrician views the child's aberrant performance as being a constellation of behavioral excesses and skill deficits that serve a functional purpose, rather than as being a symptom of some underlying illness or intrapsychic mechanism. The pediatrician can counsel the child, parents, and teachers to rearrange their environment, with an emphasis on how they can behave differently toward one another in specific situations, so as to alter the target behavior. When the child's problem behaviors are relatively severe or intractable, the pediatrician can refer the patient and family to a behavior specialist while continuing to support efforts to improve the child's overall health and adjustment.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Using guided compliance versus time out to promote child compliance: a preliminary comparative analysis in an analogue context.

Children referred to child management clinics frequently exhibit noncompliance with adult requests. Using a counterbalanced ABAC design, the authors examined the relative efficacy of guided compliance versus time out as a method of promoting child adherence to adult requests. Time out effected larger increases in percentage compliance among four of five participating children.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Phone phobia, phact or phantasy? An operant approach to a child's disruptive behavior induced by telephone usage.

The clinical efficacy of a contingency management program for treating a developmentally disabled girl referred for telephone phobia was evaluated using both a multiple baseline across settings design and a reversal design. A descriptive analysis indicated that the 'phobia' was in all probability an operant, rather than a respondent. The treatment, consisting of differential reinforcement, extinction and time-out, was effective in reducing the frequency and intensity of disruptive behaviors in response to telephone usage. Follow-up assessments at 1, 3, and 6 months revealed that treatment gains were maintained.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Teaching self-administration of suctioning to children with tracheostomies.

We examined the effectiveness of using dolls to teach young children with tracheostomies to self-administer a suctioning procedure. Four children between the ages of 5 and 8 years, who had had tracheostomies for 6 months or longer, participated. After skills were taught via doll-centered simulations, in vivo skills were evaluated. All of the training and probe sessions were conducted in the participants' classrooms or homes. Results of a multiple baseline design across subjects and skill components indicated that the performance of all children improved as a function of training. Skill maintenance was demonstrated by all participants during follow-up assessments conducted 2 to 6 weeks posttraining. Results of a questionnaire completed by caregivers and interviews with the children revealed high levels of satisfaction with the training procedures and outcomes.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1991

Teaching developmentally disabled children with chronic illness to swallow prescribed capsules.

Child noncompliance with prescribed medical regimens, including nonacceptance of oral medication, frequently impedes medical treatment and achievement of clinical aims. During this study, we used a single-subject experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of a capsule-swallowing training curriculum specifically developed to promote acceptance of oral medication by multihandicapped children. Four such children participated, each diagnosed with a chronic pediatric illness requiring daily intake of oral medication. Training consisted of verbal instruction, demonstration, reinforcement for swallowing candies/capsules progressively larger in size, ignoring mild inappropriate behavior, and gradually providing less guidance and structure. In each case, the curriculum produced routine independent swallowing of prescribed capsules/tablets. Follow-up assessments, coupled with parent satisfaction ratings, suggest that skill acquisition was both enduring and clinically significant. This study validates a brief, readily exportable, and effective approach to teaching handicapped children to swallow capsules.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Hair pulling.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Teaching self-catheterization skills to children with neurogenic bladder complications.

We examined the effects of simulation training on the acquisition of self-catheterization skills in 2 female children with spina bifida. Based on a task analysis, the children were taught to perform on a doll each of the components of preparation, and, using a mirror to locate the urinary meatus, to insert and remove the catheter and to clean-up. Before, during, and after training, the children's performance of the skills on the doll and on themselves was assessed. Results of a multiple baseline design across subjects and skill components showed that doll training facilitated the children's acquisition of self-catheterization skills.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1988

Enhancing child compliance with nebulized respiratory treatment. A case study.

A 2.7-year-old developmentally delayed boy diagnosed as having chronic lung disease, severe hyaline membrane disease, and persistent pulmonary hypertension with interstitial emphysema was referred in hopes of modifying his refusal to wear a mask during nebulized administrations of Chromolyn. The child was prescribed four 20-minute nebulized treatments daily but resisted treatment and removed the mask by turning his head and pushing the mask away with his hands. A procedure was implemented to gradually teach the child that turning his head and pushing the mask would not result in mask removal, and that by wearing the mask he would receive positive attention. By the end of treatment, the child was consistently wearing his mask for the required 20-minute intervals. Follow-up at 3 months confirmed maintenance of treatment effects.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1988

Communication skills training for parents: experimental and social validation.

Coordination of professional services of behalf of children often hinges on the involvement of informed parents. The purposes of this study were to identify and experimentally and socially validate skills required of parents for effective communication with professionals. Target skills were identified on the basis of judges' social validation ratings of (a) sample interactions between parents and professionals and (b) the behaviors comprising a resultant task analysis. Eight parents were then trained in these skills via an instructional package. Results of a multiple baseline design across subjects and grouped skill domains showed that each parent acquired the targeted skills during simulated conferences and that correct responding usually generalized to actual conferences. Independent judges validated training outcomes, and participating parents indicated satisfaction with the curriculum.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1987

Behavioral management of oral medication administration difficulties among children: a review of literature with case illustrations.

Nonacceptance of prescribed oral medications among young children hinders medical treatment. The literature pertaining to teaching children how to swallow pills or capsules is reviewed. In addition, a multiple case study demonstrating the efficacy of a brief, easy-to-implement procedure designed to promote capsule acceptance is presented. In this study, two four-year-old children diagnosed to have chronic illnesses participated. In Case 1, use of verbal instruction, modeling, shaping, and contingent reinforcement resulted in the rapid acquisition of capsule swallowing skills. In Case 2, these training procedures, in combination with physical guidance contingent upon noncompliance, successfully produced repeated acceptance of medication by a child who had refused to swallow capsules. In both cases, compliance has been maintained for at least six months.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Assessment and treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by a profoundly retarded adolescent.

The severe aggression and noncompliance of a profoundly retarded blind male were subjected to extensive behavioral assessment in order to identify controlling variables. The assessment, conducted across settings and therapists, suggested that these inappropriate behaviors functioned to avoid or terminate nonpreferred activities. Intervention consisted of manual guidance when there was noncompliance with instructions and edible reinforcement upon compliance; there were no direct contingencies for the inappropriate behaviors. Treatment procedures were implemented in a multiple baseline design across therapists and settings. Results show that the intervention consistently increased compliance, with concurrent decreases in inappropriate behaviors. Edible reinforcement and neuroleptic medication were withdrawn systematically with no loss of therapeutic gains. Family members and school personnel were trained to use the intervention procedures. Results are discussed in terms of functional assessment, response covariation, compliance training, parent and staff training, and behavioral assessment of the effects of neuroleptic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Experimental analysis of response covariation among compliant and inappropriate behaviors.

Reliable changes in a variety of behaviors, or classes of behaviors, when only one is manipulated experimentally, have demonstrated that even topographically dissimilar responses can be functionally related. We investigated such a relationship between topographically different child behaviors (compliance and inappropriate activities) by using a methodology that tests for response covariation. Five conditions were provided to sequentially increase and decrease first one and then the other of these behaviors, with the degree of covariation between the two behaviors (i.e., the relationship between changes in the targeted and nontargeted behaviors) being the finding of interest. Results showed that, regardless of the intervention used, the behavior targeted, or the direction manipulated, the nontargeted behavior reliably covaried inversely with the targeted one. The findings have immediate relevance to the clinical treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by children. Furthermore, the study of relationships between responses and the processes underlying these relationships can have important implications for understanding the complexity characteristic of human behavior not yet analyzed by behavioral research.

Behavior Therapy↗