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Biomedical subjects

J M Sleeman

Publications and source records attributed to J M Sleeman.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Use of naloxone to reverse carfentanil citrate-induced hypoxemia and cardiopulmonary depression in Rocky Mountain wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).

With the use of a crossover study design, we investigated the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of naloxone administration in eight healthy Rocky Mountain wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) anesthetized with carfentanil (10 microg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.1 mg/kg). Anesthetized animals showed profound hypoxemia with mild hypercapnia, tachycardia, hypertension, and acidosis prior to naloxone administration. After monitoring equipment was placed, animals were administered either naloxone (2 microg/microg carfentanil i.v.) or an equivalent volume of normal saline. Mean values for PaO2, PaCO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate were significantly different between naloxone- and saline-treated groups, but mean blood pressure, hematocrit, and serum electrolyte concentrations were not. Mean PaO2 was 23.0 +/- 4.1 mm Hg prior to administration of naloxone or saline and increased to 50.2 +/- 7.3 mm Hg after naloxone administration. Mean PaO2 of saline-treated animals did not change significantly. Electrocardiograms of three saline-treated animals suggested myocardial hypoxia. Hypoxemia appeared to be caused by respiratory depression, hemodynamic alterations, and lateral recumbency. All but one animal remained anesthetized after naloxone administration. Anesthesia in all animals was reversed in < or = 4 min with naltrexone (100 mg/mg carfentanil i.v. s.c.) and yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.). One bolus of naloxone improved oxygenation in carfentanil-xylazine-anesthetized wapiti.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2001

Feline leukemia virus in a captive bobcat.

An 11-mo-old captive-bred male neutered bobcat (Felis rufus) presented with lethargy, anorexia, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and nonregenerative anemia. The animal was diagnosed as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positive by immunofluorescent antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) testing. It died despite supportive care. Pathologic examination revealed multifocal non-suppurative encephalitis, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, non-suppurative peritonitis, and lymphoid depletion. FeLV was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node. FeLV-specific gag sequences were amplified by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and aligned with known domestic cat FeLV's. The source of the virus was speculated to be a domestic cat that was a surrogate nurse. Case reports of FeLV in nondomestic felids are few, and FeLV does not appear to be enzootic in wild felids, except European wildcats (Felis silvestris) in France and Scotland. Introduction of FeLV into free-living and captive nondomestic felid populations could have serious consequences for their health and survival. Measures to prevent the introduction of this virus to nondomestic felids are warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Field anesthesia of free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) from the Virunga Volcano region, Central Africa.

Twenty-six anesthetic procedures involving 24 free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) from Rwanda or the Democratic Republic of Congo were performed between February 1987 and October 1997. Sixteen procedures were performed to remove snares or to treat snare-related wounds, and four of the animals died without recovering consciousness because of their severe medical conditions. Ketamine was used for induction 19 times, tiletamine/zolazepam was used five times, and the agent was not recorded for two procedures. The mean (+/- SD) ketamine dosage for four animals of known weight was 7.1 +/- 0.9 mg/kg. All induction agents were delivered i.m. by remote injection, and mean induction times for ketamine and tiletamine/zolazepam were 5.5 +/- 2.6 min (n = 12) and 5.4 +/- 3.7 min (n = 5), respectively. Mean recovery times were significantly shorter with ketamine compared with tiletamine/zolazepam (42.0 +/- 24.9 min, n = 9 vs. 75.25 +/- 22.1 min, n = 4). Low hemoglobin oxygen saturation (mean = 86.7%) was recorded in three cases under ketamine anesthesia, and oxygen insufflation is therefore recommended to prevent hypoxemia. Gorillas induced with tiletamine/zolazepam had significantly higher respiratory rates compared with animals given ketamine. Successful anesthesia and recovery, in particular, depended on the assistance of local personnel.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2000

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and reversal with atipamezole in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii).

Ten desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) were given i.m. injections of 150 microg/kg of medetomidine. Sedation was achieved in all tortoises by 20 min postinjection and was accompanied by a significant decrease in mean heart and respiratory rates, systolic, diastolic, and mean ventricular pressures, and mean ventricular partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). There was no change in mean blood pH, HCO3, Na+, K+, ionized calcium values, and mean ventricular partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). There were statistically significant but clinically insignificant changes in mean base excess and pH-corrected ionized calcium values. Atipamezole given to five of the tortoises at 0.75 mg/kg i.m. significantly reversed the sedative effects of the medetomidine, with all tortoises returning to a normal state by 30 min after administration of the reversal agent. In comparison, the other five tortoises given an equal volume of physiologic saline in place of atipamezole (control group) remained significantly sedated for the duration of the study. In addition, the heart rate and ventricular PO2 returned to baseline, but the respiratory rate and ventricular blood pressures were not significantly altered by the atipamezole as compared with those of the control group. These cardiopulmonary and physiologic effects are similar to those seen in some domestic mammals. Medetomidine can be used to safely induce sedation in desert tortoises. For procedures lasting greater than 120 min, supplemental oxygen should be provided. Atipamezole will reverse the sedation but not all of the cardiopulmonary effects, thus necessitating continued monitoring after reversal. Future studies should address the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine in combination with other agents such as ketamine and/or butorphanol.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2000

Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.

Ninety-eight fecal samples were collected from 74 free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) from the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, between July 1995 and January 1997 and examined for parasites by Sheather's sugar and zinc sulfate flotation methods, trichrome staining, and larval cultures. All samples contained at least one parasite. Seventeen endoparasites were identified, including eight protozoa, seven nematodes, one cestode, and one trematode. Two species of arthropod mite were also recovered from the fecal samples. Parasites observed on fecal examinations included strongyle/trichostrongyle-type eggs (72/74) (representing Oesphagostomum sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Hyostrongylus spp., and possibly Murshidia sp.), Strongyloides sp. (1/74), Trichuris trichiura (2/74), Probstmayria sp. (7/74), Anoplocephala sp. (63/74), Entamoeba hartmanni cysts and trophozoites (19/70), Endolimax nana cysts (31/70), Iodamoeba buetschlii cysts (11/70), Endolimax nana or Iodamoeba buetschlii trophozoites (63/70). Entamoeba coli cysts and trophozoites (14/70), Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite (1/70), Chilomastix sp. cysts and trophozoites (31/70), and Giardia sp. cysts (2/70). In addition, one ascarid and one trematode egg were seen. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of parasites between males and females and between age groups: however, infants and juveniles appeared to have a lower prevalence of Anoplocephala gorillae, and the silverbacked males appeared to have a higher prevalence of Probstmayria sp. Parasite prevalence was consistent among the five social groups studied except Susa group had a significantly lower prevalence of Anoplocephala gorillae. Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides sp., Chilomastix sp., and Endolimax nana were identified for the first time in this population, and it is possible that these parasites were of human origin. Although there were no obvious clinical effects due to the presence of these parasites, six parasites identified (Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides sp., Oesphagostomum sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia sp.) could potentially be pathogenic. Some of the parasite products and cultured larvae could not be speciated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Vitamin E deficiency and pansteatitis in juvenile boat-billed herons (Cochlearius cochlearius).

Steatitis due to vitamin E deficiency occurred in three 10-wk-old boat-billed herons (Cochlearius cochlearius) despite daily placement of a powdered vitamin supplement on the fish that was subsequently washed off by the parents. Physical findings included emaciation, yellow-brown subcutaneous nodules, a firm distended coelom, stomatitis, and yellow-white, submucosal pharyngeal nodules. Clinical pathology revealed heterophilic leukocytosis, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and low plasma alpha (alpha)-tocopherol levels (1.94 microg/ml and 2.14 microg/ml). Two of the chicks died of severe, diffuse pansteatitis and respiratory aspergillosis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of urine from free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) for normal physiologic values.

Voided urine samples were collected from apparently healthy free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and analyzed for normal physiologic values. Mountain gorillas were found to have a high urinary pH (x = 8.45) and low specific gravity (x = 1.013). Commercial dipsticks appear to be unreliable for the measurement of specific gravity and leukocytes. The establishment of urinary reference intervals should aid in the noninvasive detection of certain diseases in the mountain gorilla and assist with prompt and effective decisions regarding the immobilization and treatment of individual gorillas.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immobilization of domestic goats (Capra hircus) using orally administered carfentanil citrate and detomidine hydrochloride.

Eight domestic goats (Capra hircus) were anesthetized with a combination of carfentanil citrate and detomidine HCl each at a dosage of 60 micrograms/kg, mixed with an equal volume of 0.5% saponin, an absorption enhancer. The drug combination was delivered by hand directly into the buccal cavity. Physiologic parameters were measured prior to drug administration and at 5-min intervals after the goats reached sternal recumbency. Depth of anesthesia was assessed at the same time intervals following drug administration. Blood was drawn prior to drug administration, at initial contact following sustained sternal recumbency, and at 15-min intervals thereafter. Serum carfentanil and detomidine levels were measured using slightly modified commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and techniques. Mean (+/-SD) induction time (time from drug administration to sternal recumbency) was 22 +/- 4.3 min (n = 8), and inductions were characterized by long excitement phases (9.3 +/- 5.8 min). There was considerable variation in the depth of anesthesia. Three goats appeared to be lightly anesthetized, two goats showed moderate levels of anesthesia, and three goats attained levels of anesthesia adequate for the performance of minor veterinary procedures. Physiologic changes caused by the drug combination were minor and were consistent with changes seen with parenteral administration of these drugs. Serum carfentanil levels were greatest at the time of initial contact for three goats and greatest 15 min later for two other goats. Levels then decreased slightly during the procedures, suggesting carfentanil absorption in these animals was across the oral mucosa. Serum detomidine levels rose gradually throughout anesthesia. Reversals with naltrexone and yohimbine or atipamezole were rapid and smooth.

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with orally administered carfentanil citrate.

Ten black bears (Ursus americanus) were immobilized with orally administered carfentanil citrate. The total carfentanil dose was mixed with 5 to 20 ml honey and given incrementally to captive bears. The bears ranged in weight from 80 (estimated) to 233 kg. Total carfentanil doses ranged from 0.7 to 3.0 mg, resulting in dosages of 6.8 to 18.8 micrograms carfentanil/kg. Mean (+/- SD) times from estimated 80% mixture consumption to sternal recumbency, and first safe human contact were 7.7 +/- 2.3 min and 19.7 +/- 5.6 min, respectively. Undesired side effects of immobilization were muscle rigidity, bradypnea, and oxygen desaturation. All bears received diazepam to alleviate muscle rigidity and were insufflated with oxygen during immobilization. Nine immobilizations were considered satisfactory or good. The bear receiving 6.8 micrograms carfentanil/kg, the lowest dosage used, was very excited during induction and required intravenous (IV) ketamine to permit safe examination. Immobilization was reversed with 100 mg naltrexone/mg carfentanil administered (75% subcutaneous, 25% IV). Bears recovered to full mobility in 6.3 +/- 1.9 min. Five bears vomited post-recovery but no episodes of renarcotization were observed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Haematological reference values for east African wild ungulates.

Basic haematological values were obtained in the field from shot, clinically normal, wild East African ungulates. The species studied were: Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), Grant's gazelle (Gazella grantii), blue wildebeest (Conochaetes taurinus), Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii), impala (Aepyceros melampus) and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli). Red cell parameters compared well with previous reports although the mean cell haemoglobin concentrations were higher. The white cell counts were considerably lower in all species. The red and white cells of all species studied had standard mammalian morphology. Generally, the field equipment used worked well under the conditions encountered, although the field microscope made cell counting troublesome and the heat made the preservation of fixed slides difficult.

Africa, Eastern↗