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Biomedical subjects

J M Taub

Publications and source records attributed to J M Taub.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Sociodemography of borderline personality disorder (PD): a comparison with Axis II PDs and psychiatric symptom disorders convergent validation.

A theoretical objective of the present meta-analysis based upon data derived from a previously reported review (Taub, 1995), was to test two inductive hypotheses empirically regarding educational background and social class across different criteria for the DSM-III diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (PD). A secondary purpose was to determine whether comorbidity of borderline PD with other Axis II PDs would significantly delineate socioeducational variables. Across 7/8 pairwise contrasts which represented five studies, distribution of Hollingshead Redlich (H-R) social classes II-IV borderline PD (N = 326) significantly exceeded that in 457 diagnostic controls with Axis II PDs and psychiatric symptom disorders. Although average differences, as well as, interactions reflected by values of the H-R two-factor scale attained statistical significance these were were less consistent in magnitude and direction versus outcomes yielded by distribution of social classes. For the borderline PD diagnosis, the inductive hypotheses were substantiated by findings of significantly advanced scholastic achievement, as well as the younger age of most cohorts versus diagnostic controls with Axis II PDs and psychiatric symptom disorders; and in pairwise contrasts of outpatients with hospitalized cohorts. Comorbidity of the borderline PD diagnosis was associated with significantly lower social class, scholastic achievement and to a lesser extent, more severe psychopathology. Evidence for predominantly convergent validation relative to the socioeducational variables was substantiated by comparisons with (a) cohorts selected by criteria of the DSM-III-R, Gunderson's DIB and Borderline Personality Scale: (b) Norwegian females admitted to Gaustad Hospital and (c) patients with the DSM-III diagnosis of borderline PD attending an outpatient clinic in Norway.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Demography of DSM-III borderline personality disorder (PD): a comparison with Axis II PDs, affective illness and schizophrenia convergent and discriminant validation.

Demographic characteristics of borderline personality disorder (PD) defined according to DSM-III criteria were compared with those found for schizophrenia, affective illness, and other Axis II PDs. Borderline PD, unlike affective illness and most other Axis II PDs, usually occurs before the age of 30. By contrast to antisocial PD and schizophrenia, borderline PD usually occurs after the age of 25. For borderline PD (N = 280) average age was significantly more homogeneous compared with affective illness (N = 157) and Axis II PDs (N = 71) across 9 studies. By contrast, variability for 63 predominantly male schizophrenics in 3 studies was significantly less, reflecting the younger age at admission compared with borderline PD (N = 84). According to predictions based upon an age-of-risk hypothesis (Dahl, 1985) for 106 borderline PD patients, a significantly lower percentage were > or = 40 years of age than diagnostic controls (N = 181) predominantly with DSM-III affective illness. Borderline PD is predominantly diagnosed in females either single or who have been divorced compared with Axis II PDs and affective illness, to a lesser extent. Unlike antisocial PD, as well as schizophrenia, the preponderance of male and single/divorced patients usually occur significantly less than for borderline PD. Borderline PD usually occur significantly less than Axis II PDs, affective illness and schizophrenia and ethnic minorities, particularly Afro-Americans. These differences in ethnic/racial distribution are explained in terms of two hypotheses. From the perspective of demographic variables, borderline PD closely converges with neither (a) schizophrenia, (b) antisocial PC, (c) other Axis II PDs, nor (d) affective illness. Evidence for discriminant and convergent validation of these data is provided by (a) cluster analyses and intersample pairwise contrasts, as well as comparisons with (b) clinical samples selected on the basis of DSM-III-R and criteria of the (c) Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients, (d) a longitudinal case registry study conducted in Denmark, and (e) prospective surveys conducted among (i) North Carolina community residents and (ii) first degree (nonpatients) relatives of psychiatric patients in Iowa.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Extended sleep (hypersomnia) in young depressed patients.

To test the hypothesis that young depressed patients have prolonged rather than shortened sleep, 14 depressed patients aged 17-25 and age-matched normal control subjects were allowed to sleep as long as they wanted. All subjects increased their sleep over baseline values, but the extended sleep period of the depressed patients was almost twice as long as that of the control subjects. The distribution of sleep stages in the extended period did not differ. The depressed patients had changes in the length of REM periods similar to those of older subjects. The findings suggest an interaction between age, sleep, and depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Individual variations in the sleep of depression.

Variations in the intensity or severity of affective disorders were evaluated relative to perturbations in nocturnal sleep physiology. Individual variations in polygraphic features of the sleep cycle based upon psychopathologic scale ratings were investigated in two constituencies (Ns = 6) for 8 hr during 1-3 consecutive nights. The constituencies consisted of twelve young adult (18-25 years) nonpsychotic unipolar depressed psychiatric patients with a primary affective illness and an age-matched normal healthy control group (N = 8). The severely versus mildly depressed patient subgroups scored significantly higher on the Hamilton, Beck and Zung psychopathologic rating scales, indicating a larger magnitude of depressive symptomatology. The average value for total time asleep was 6.1 hr in severely versus 7.8 hr among the mildly depressed patients and controls. EEG-sleep of the severely versus mildly depressed patients and controls contained significantly less stages 2 and 3. Although total time asleep was almost identical in the mildly depressed constituency compared with controls, patients accumulated significantly more of stages 2 and 3. Both patient subgroups exhibited a significantly shorter REM latency than controls. REM latency was reduced to a significantly lower level in the severely versus mildly depressed patients. A significant decrease of REM cycle duration occurred in the polygraphic sleep recordings of severely depressed patients compared with the age-matched controls. The shortened REM latencies indicate a disinhibition of neural processes that would normally delay appearance of the initial REM episodes during nocturnal sleep. The present study generally extends and confirms finding on nocturnal EEG-sleep disturbances in depression associated with the severity of affective illness, particularly the disrupted REM cycle and shorter REM latency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Sleep stage transitions and tonic REM in depression.

The hypothesis that greater perturbations of EEG-sleep architecture and continuity would occur in clinical depression contingent upon epsilon stage shifts was tested. Duration of successive REM cycles was also evaluated in 16 young adult (17-25 years) nonpsychotic unipolar patients with primary depression and eight age-matched normal controls for 8 hr during 1-3 consecutive EEG recording nights (epsilon N = 55). Two subgroups of eight patients were identified whose polysomnograms contained greater than 100 versus less than 100 epsilon sleep stage transitions. As predicted, sleep was shallow and fragmented to a significantly larger extent in depressives with: greater than 100 stage shifts versus, less than 100 transitions, compared with controls. This was reflected by significantly longer delays in falling asleep, more intermittent wakefulness transitions into stage 1, increased epsilon stage shifts, and more transitional stage 1 sleep. The depressed patients with less than 100 stage shifts (versus greater than 100 transitions relative to the controls) accumulated significantly less total sleep (7.0 vs greater than or equal to 7.6 hr), REM time; exhibited fewer REM episodes, and a slower REM cycle. Compared with controls both patient constituencies accumulated less REM time, showed a propensity for shallow NREM sleep reflected by significantly decreased stage 4, and more frequent transition into stage 1. REM time significantly increased progressively during sleep through the fourth cycle in both controls and depressives. The initial REM cycle was significantly longer among patients (N = 16), and the fourth proved to be shorter compared with controls. The longer first REM cycle in primary depression is construed to represent a disinhibition of neural processes that would normally either attenuate or delay this phenomenon. Accordingly, the possibility is raised that REM sleep disinhibition potentiates the mood disturbances and neurovegetative symptoms of endogenous/primary depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Individual variations in awakening times, daytime alertness and somnograms as a function of ad libitum extended sleep.

Individual variations in timing of polysomnograms, vigilance, alertness ratings, and wakeful electrocorticograms were investigated after being potentiated by extended sleep. The entire (N = 16) constituency of healthy young adults was dichotomized into subgroups (Ns = 8) whose delayed awakenings occurred before 1045 (0930-1036) and at 1105 (1105-1430) or later. Statistical analyses were applied to determine whether selected dependent variables during ad libitum delayed sleep covaried as a function of the substantial (5-hr) range observed for awakening times. Relative to the rigidly scheduled 8-hr control condition, statistically significant average increases occurred in stage 2, REM sleep and REM cycle length as a function of delayed afternoon awakening times, whereas this proved true for stage 3 during the morning. For all indexes of sleep physiology, there were statistically significant interactions of the ad-libitum extended treatment with arising times. Average elevations in stage 2, REM sleep and REM cycle length were associated with ad libitum sleep which terminated at 1105 or later. By contrast, increases of stage 3 coincided with extended sleep wherein awakenings occurred between 0930 and 1036 in the morning. The average integrated amplitude (microV) of 8-13 Hz alpha rhythm was greater (less cortical alertness), whereas psychometric alertness ratings were significantly less in conjunction with ad libitum delayed morning sleep and among individuals whose awakenings occurred greater than 1100. Finally, sublingual temperature was significantly more elevated within the vicinity of 1105-1430, and this proved true with respect to d', the signal detection index, from 0930 until 1036. Accumulated evidence does indicate that acute variations in sleep patterns contribute to a disturbance in the diurnal cycle most conspicuously during either: (1) morning or (2) when postdormital evaluations of alertness are initially completed. The clinical relevance of these findings for neuropsychiatric states such as idiopathic hypersomnias, bipolar affective illness and depression is explicated.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1982

Sleep pattern variations as a function of age in affective disorders.

Polygraphic features of nocturnal sleep were evaluated in young adult psychiatric patients during acute unipolar depressive episodes. Averaged values and variability of polygraphic indexes were examined in 12 depressed patients under the age of 26 individually matched with a normal control group. Sleep was polygraphically recorded in the Laboratory for three consecutive nights from 12-8.00 a.m. Although average total time asleep was approximately equivalent (greater than 7.3 hr) between groups, depressives accumulated significantly: (i) less stage 4, (ii) more stage 1, (iii) vascillations among sleep stages, but (iv) most especially increased transitions into stage 1 and (v) intermittent wakefulness. The recorded sleep perturbations in young depressives were extremely variable across nights and among individuals. This was especially conspicuous across nights as reflected by significantly larger variability (SD) for: (i) transitions into stage 1, (ii) intermittent wakefulness and (iii) epsilon accumulations of stage 2. Variability (the SD) between individuals was also more substantial for: (i) total time asleep, (ii) stage 1, (iii) intermittent wakefulness, (iv) epsilon stage shifts and (v) intrusions into stage 1. The polygraphic recordings of young depressives contained anomalies reported for clinical pathologic states accompanied by physiological disregulation such as hypersomnia, narcolepsy and schizoaffective disorders. Polygraphic indexes reflecting the capacity (i) to remain asleep (means +/- SDs) and (ii) accumulate continuous sleep (SDs) indicated an imbalance of the 24-hr rest (sleep)--activity (waking) cycle was present in this constituency concomitant with affective distress. A comparison with selected cross-sectional polygraphic studies revealed that sleep cycle aberrations in young adult depressives were less intense than those which become exacerbated as a function of advanced age. By contrast to prepubertal children or postadolescent young adults who are depressed, elderly accumulate: (i) lower total sleep times, (ii) less proportions of stages 3-4 and (iii) remain awake longer. It is concluded that sleep-polygraphic anomalies in postadolescent depression are an attenuated form of the REM-NREM cycle perturabation endemic to affective disease occurring with advanced age or senescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Nocturnal electrographic features of frequently changing-irregular sleep-wakefulness rhythms.

Polygraphic characteristics of nocturnal sleep associated with frequently changing-irregular rest-activity schedules were investigated in healthy young adults. Two groups each of 12 male university students were classified according to a priori criteria as either: (a) controls who slept regularly for 7--8 hr at night or (b) whose retiring and arising times combined varied chronically +/- 1.5 hr. Sleep was recorded during three consecutive 8-hr nocturnal periods at fixed clock times. Polygraphic indices generally reflected greater discontinuity and fragmentation associated with the nocturnal sleep in the young adults whose 24-hr rest-activity cycle tended to be frequently changing-irregular. The significantly: (a) larger absolute quantities of (i) transitional stage 1 sleep, (ii) intermittent wakefulness and (b) increases stage shifts provided some indication that the intrasleep cycle becomes disturbed when rest-activity schedules follow no predictable pattern in the everyday environment. Despite, or because of, the enforced hour (11:30 p.m +/- 30 min) for retiring, it is possible that the capacity to fall asleep had become phase-delayed among subjects with irregular rest-activity schedules who experienced more initial wakefulness (on average) before sleep onset stage 1. Finally, the recorded sleep perturbations associated with frequently changing-irregular schedules were extremely variable across nights and among individuals. This was especially pronounced on a nightly basis as reflected by significantly larger variability (SDs): (a) in the latency to sleep onset, for (b) total time asleep, (c) intermittent wakefulness, and (d) the ultradian (90-min) REM cycle. Variability (the SD) between individuals was also more substantial for these same polygraphic measures at statistically significant levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Disturbances in diurnal rhythms following a night of reduced sleep.

Twenty-four healthy young adult males who slept regularly for 7--8 hr completed nonlaboratory appraisals based upon dependent variables which reflected daytime alertness at 4-hr intervals from 8:15 a.m. until midnight once: (a) initially after having experienced disturbed nocturnal sleep and (b) following a control night. A statistically significant 1.8 hr average decrease in total sleep was reported during the disturbed night X = 6.0 hr) versus the control condition (X - 7.8 hr) which primarily resulted from delays and/or difficulties in falling asleep. Following disturbed nocturnal sleep a significant decline in alert wakefulness occurred predominantly at: (a) midday (12:00 noon) and/or (b) in the afternoon (4:00 p.m.) as assessed by 4 of 6 adjective check list scales and lowered body temperature levels. After the disturbed night, compared with the control condition, there was a significant diminution of the amplitude or variability in the diurnal rhythm of: (a) body temperature; (b) Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings: (c) adjective check list scores on the (i) activation, (ii) fatigue, and (iii) performance efficiency subscales. The amplitude reduction in the diurnal rhythm was associated with a general trough during the middle of the wakefulness cycle which extended from 12:00 noon until 8:00 pm.m when various arousal indices following regular sleep attained maximal values. Subjects subsequently slept significantly longer by 1.3 hr than on the immediately preceding night of reduced sleep. There was a significant negative correlation between relative levels of temperature in the morning and sleep duration reported on the disturbed night. Greater accumulations of sleep reported during the disturbed night occurred when temperature levels corresponded with values in the control condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Aspects of personality associated with irregular sleep habits in young adults.

Studied psychological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and Cornell Medical Index (CMI) were administered to two groups of 18 male university students who were categorized as either irregular sleepers or control Ss. The control group was composed of persons who habitually slept from 12-8:00 A.M. Irregular sleepers were defined as those whose retiring and awakening times continuously varied by about 2 to 4 hours. Control Ss scored significantly higher than the irregular group on the CPI scales of Do (dominance), Sy (sociability), Sa (self-acceptance), Sc (self-control), Ac (achievement via conformance), and Ie (intellectual efficiency), but lower on the Fx (flexibility) scale. There were no significant differences between the groups in scores on the CMI or average sleep length recorded over 2 weeks. The present findings indicate that in young adults, personality functioning is related more closely to the regularity of nocturnal sleep routines than to differences in chronic sleep duration. It is postulated that stable or irregular sleeping patterns are largely dependent factors not only of the psychological characteristics that distinguished the groups, but as yet unspecified constitutional and sociocultural antecedents of the human sleep response.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, memory and subjective states.

Effects of habitual variations in napping on psychomotor performance, short-term memory and subjective states were investigated. The subjects were 32 healthy male university students who napped twice or more weekly in themorning and at night. Sixteen were randomly assigned to a control group and 16 to a nap(treatment) group. The experiment comprised two conditions of electrographically (EEG) recorded sleep for the nap group and two EEG monitored conditions of wakefulness for the controls. These conditions were scheduled from 9:35 to 11:35 a.m. and 12 hr later between 9:35 p.m. and 11:35 p.m. Measurements were obtained from: (a) a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task, (b) a free recall task of short-term memory, (c) an activation-mood adjective check list, and (d) the Stanford Sleepiness scale. Except for memory the dependent variables of waking function were assessed 20 min before and 20 min after all conditions. Following each sleep condition the nap group as opposed to the controls showed a statistically significant improvement in reaction time performance, higher short-term retention, less reported sleepiness and elevated subjective states reflected by fice factors on the adjective mood-activation check list. Among the correlations computed the largest significant coefficients were of stage 4 and REM with posttreatment Stanford Sleepiness ratings. After naps, increased postdormital sleepiness was correlated with stage 4 and decreased sleepiness with REM sleep. Although few strikingly divergent functional effects were associated with morning and nocturanal naps, these did covary with sleep psychophysiology. It is postulated that the phase, the EEG-sleep stages and possibly the duration of accustomed naps are less salient factors influencing performance when the time since awakening until behavioral assessment can be kept constant.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Electrographic analysis of the sleep cycle in young depressed patients.

Electrographic (EEG) patterns of nocturnal sleep were investigated in young psychiatric patients during unipolar depressive episodes. EEG-sleep data was recorded in 20 non-psychotic depressed patients all under 26 years old individually matched with a normal control group. All 20 subjects slept in the laboratory for 1-3 consecutive baseline nights from 12-8:00 a.m. During a subsequent extended condition 14 in each group were allowed to sleep ad-lib. Although the mean total time asleep on baseline nights was about the same between groups (greater than 7.1 hr), the depressives had a statistically significant reduction in REM time, increased transitions into stage 1, but most especially averaged: (a) less stage 4; and (b) more stage 1. Compared with the prior eight-hour night 27/28 subjects among both groups exhibited elevated time asleep during the extended condition, but the patients' mean total 10.3 hr sleep was significantly greater by 1.5 hr than the controls (X = 8.8 hr). Sleep exceeding 9 hr on the ad-lib night was a consistent phenomenon which occurred in significantly more (11/14) young depressed patients contrasted to 4/14 control subjects. These findings indicate that young persons with primary affective disorders do not exhibit nocturnal EEG disturbances of comparable severity to most older depressed patients such as reduced time asleep, increased wakefulness or lowered slow-wave (stages 3 and 4) sleep. Although no direct evidence of symptomatic 'hypersomnia' in these patients was provided, the present results demonstrated that some young persons with clinical depression have the capacity to sleep for sustained periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines.

Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines were studied. Two groups each of 18 healthy male university students were classified as either irregular sleepers or control subjects according to retrospective questionnaires, and sleep chart criteria. The control group was composed of persons who slept naturally from 12-8:00 a.m. for 7-8 hr. Irregular sleepers were defined as those whose retiring and awakening times varied by about 2-4 hr. Measurements were obtained from an auditory reaction time task, a mood adjective check list, of sublingual temperature and pulse rate 30 min. after awakening in the (a) morning, at (b) noon, in the (c) afternoon and (d) early evening following an electroencephalographically recorded 12-8:00 a.m. sleep night. At various points in the diurnal cycle irregular sleepers compared with the control group had significantly lower levels of pulse rate and body temperature, but significantly longer reaction times. During the four time periods negative affects (deactivation-sleep, depression, general deactivation, inert-fatigued) were significantly greater and positive mood states (cheerful, energetic, general activation--significantly less in the irregular sleepers. The irregular sleepers averaged significantly less stage 4, and REM, but more stage 2 and transitions between sleep stages. The present results indicate that relatively lowered levels of physiological arousal indexes, psychomotor performance and subjective mood are associated with irregularity in chronic sleep routines of young adult males. These psychobehavioral correlates of chronically maintained sleep pattern variations complement and extend previous findings on degradations in waking functions following acute 2-4 hr temporal shifts of habitual sleep periods. It is postulated that there were psychobehavioral deficits in the irregular sleepers attributable either to selective sleep stage (REM and/or stage 4) deprivation or to the more general consequence of disturbed sleeping patterns per se or to both of these factors.

Arousal↗
PubMed1977

Effects of afternoon naps on physiological variables performance and self-reported activation.

Fluctuations in physiological variables resulting from naps and the relationship of these to previously studies changes in performance and subjective activation associated with napping were examined. The subjects were eighteen healthy male university students who habitually slept 1/2-2 hr in the afternoon. Measurements were obtained of our physiological variables, from a continuous 10-min auditory reaction time task and two factors of an Activation. Deactivation Adjective Checklist 20 min before and after a control condition and two electroencephalographically recorded afternoons of sleep. The experimental conditions comprised a 2-hr period of wakefulness, a 1/2 hr nap from 4.35-5.05 p.m., and a 2-hr nap from 3.05-5.05 p.m. Following each sleep treatment, when compared with the control condition, there were statistically significant shifts of improved reaction time performance, and elevated activation as reflected by the two self-report scales, inceased EEG frequency, heart rate, and electrodermal responses. The shifts of increased behavioral efficiency, subjective and physiological activation were approximately equivalent in extent between 2-hr and 1/2-hr naps. These findings indicate that besides the previously reported facilitation by naps of performance and mood, physiological activation is increased following accustomed episodes of afternoon sleep.

Arousal↗