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Biomedical subjects

J Mallinger

Publications and source records attributed to J Mallinger.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Neurologic rehabilitation in Bavaria. Study of the development of admission capacity of rehabilitation clinics 1992 to 1994].

In order to get information about capacities of neurorehabilitation for patients with acquired brain injuries or stroke in Bavaria, a survey concerning the time interval between registration and admission of the patient (waiting period) was carried out. Structured interviews by telephone were performed and all departments of neurorehabilitation and neurosurgery in Bavaria were included. The waiting period was calculated for the last 3 years and for each phase of rehabilitation using rehabilitation phase model A-D, which was proposed by the Deutscher Verband Rentenversicherungsträger (Association of German social pension Insurancies). As a result, a significant shortening of the waiting period over the last 3 years for almost all phases of rehabilitation has been demonstrated. We therefore conclude that an over capacity may develop in Bavarian neurorehabilitation, at least in certain regions. Quantity seems to be obtained. Next goal required is control of quality.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1993

Perceptions of professional competence: cross-disciplinary ratings of psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists.

Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and nurses rated members of the first three disciplines on effectiveness of intervention for six hypothetical clients representing a range of mental health problems. Results revealed within-group bias, with perceptions that professionals sharing raters' own professional affiliation would be more helpful, expert, and warm, as well as the preferred recipient of referrals. Clinical social workers were rated highest on warmth by all raters but lowest on referral intent by raters from other disciplines.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Leukotrienes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients.

The concentration of the leukotrienes B4 (LTB4) and C4 (LTC4) was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 51 with other neurological diseases. The LTB4 and LTC4 levels were significantly elevated in MS compared with the controls. The findings suggest that lipoxygenase products might play a pathogenetic role in the early, encephalitogenic phase of MS. The administration of lipoxygenase inhibitors or leukotriene antagonists might well open new perspectives for the treatment of MS.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a new specific inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis.

The actions of the specific inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis, 3-[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-t-butyl-thio-5-isopropylindol-2-yl]-2,2- dimethylpropanoic acid (L-663, 536, CAS 118414-82-7) were investigated in groups of guinea pigs that had been given both low and high doses of the encephalitogenic stimulant to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). After daily intraperitoneal application over a period of 2 to 3 weeks the substance L-663, 536 (5 mg/kg) largely suppressed the clinical symptoms of EAE in some of the animals. The difference in the clinical symptoms between those animals that had been treated with L-663, 536 and those that had not was observed primarily in the experiment with a high encephalitogenic dose. The onset of progressive paralysis of the hind limbs that was observed in approximately 80% of the control animals only occurred in 40% of the guinea pigs that were treated with L-663, 536. No paresis at all was observed in about 25% of the treated animals. In both laboratory animals studies the CNS inflammatory infiltrates were significantly less extensive in the treated animals than in the respective control groups. The release of leukotrienes B4 and C4 by circulating neutrophil granulocytes in guinea pigs under treatment with L-663, 536 was also significantly reduced--in contrast to the untreated control animals. On the basis of the present results, it may be assumed that the L-663, 536-induced suppression of EAE in guinea pigs is attributable to the inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by dual cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibition.

The release of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), an important 5-lipoxygenase product of the arachidonic acid metabolism from polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, has been found to be significantly increased compared with healthy animals. Subsequently, the dual cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C was applied to 15 guinea pigs with EAE. Two control groups (15 each) were treated with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or physiological saline, respectively. In the BW755C treated group, no animal developed symptoms of the disease in contrast to, respectively, 5 and 3 animals in the 2 other groups. Histological examination of the CNS revealed a highly significantly lower inflammation score in the BW755C treated animals, and the release of LTC4 from PMNLs was highly significantly decreased in this group compared with each of the others. The findings suggest that the vascular permeability enhancing LTC4 plays a pathogenetic role in EAE and indicate that inhibition of this sulfidopeptide leukotriene suppresses the disease. Therefore, the application of leukotriene inhibitors could contribute to the future treatment of MS.

4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyraz↗
PubMed1987

[Herpes simplex encephalitis with cerebral hemorrhage].

In a 20-year-old woman with herpes simplex encephalitis the dominant feature was an intracerebral bleeding which was diagnosed by computed tomography in the initial stages of the disease. Since lesions in herpes simplex encephalitis typically present in the CT as hypodense zones in which petechial bleedings may occur, it is likely that the bleeding in this patient was caused by an inflammation in the area of an histologically confirmed arteriovenous angioma.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Leukotrienes B4 and C4 in MS.

Release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) from neutrophils and platelet-neutrophil suspensions in response to ionophore A23187 was measured in 12 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 8 healthy volunteers. LTC4 release from neutrophils, as well as from platelet-neutrophil suspensions, was significantly decreased in MS patients compared with the controls. There was no significant difference in the release of LTB4 between MS patients and controls. The findings suggest that permanent stimulation of platelets and neutrophils e.g., by encephalitogenic peptide leads to continuous LTC4 release with subsequent depletion of intracellular substrates serving as precursors for the formation of 5-lipoxygenase products. Since the target of microvascular actions of LTC4 are postcapillary venules, the release of this sulfidopeptide leukotriene might play a pathogenetic role in the formation of MS lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A pharmacokinetic approach to the study of cell membrane lithium transport in vivo.

Although many previous investigations have focused on in vitro studies of lithium transport by erythrocytes (RBCs) of psychiatric patients, the extent to which such studies actually reflect the transport of this drug by other types of cells in vivo is unknown. To study lithium transport in vivo, pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma lithium concentration data was performed in four subjects who were given single oral doses of lithium carbonate (600 mg). The data were analyzed according to a two-compartment model, consisting of a central compartment (extracellular, including plasma) and a peripheral (intracellular) compartment. Rate constants for the transfer of lithium into (ki) and out of (ko) the intracellular compartment were calculated. In RBCs from the same subjects, lithium transport in vitro was also directly measured. Rate constants were determined for phloretin-sensitive transport (ks), which corresponds to Na+-Li+ countertransport activity, and residual passive "leak" diffusion (kr). In RBCs, these two pathways account for major components of lithium efflux and influx, respectively. To compare the in vivo and in vitro rate constant data, the ratios ko/ki and ks/kr were also calculated. There was a significant correlation between these two rate-constant ratios (r = 0.96, p less than 0.05), although the values observed in vitro were higher than those found in vivo. Because the in vivo rate constants reflect lithium transport by many types of cells in the peripheral compartment, this finding supports the idea that the RBC may provide a useful model for studying lithium transport processes that are also operative in other types of cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cell Membrane Permeability↗
PubMed1983

Essential hypertension and membrane lithium transport in depressed patients.

Na+-Li+ countertransport activity in erythrocytes has previously been reported to be decreased in certain patients with mood disorders, but increased in essential hypertensives and possibly their first-degree relatives. The present investigation examines specific parameters of Na+-Li+ countertransport in relation to both affective disorder and essential hypertension. Depressed patients having a personal or family history of essential hypertension had significantly higher Vmax and fractional lithium release values than did other patients or control subjects. Values of K 1/2 did not differ among the groups. Essential hypertension in experimental subjects or their families may complicate attempts to study human erythrocyte (RBC) lithium transport in depressed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Lithium treatment during pregnancy: a case study of erythrocyte choline content and lithium transport.

Lithium treatment can affect the transport of choline and lithium ions across cell membranes, but little is known about these effects during pregnancy. In a patient treated with lithium carbonate during the final month of pregnancy, maternal erythrocyte (RBC) lithium transport and the choline content of maternal and fetal blood were measured. Fetal RBC choline levels appeared to be substantially elevated by maternal lithium treatment, and cellular lithium transport in the mother was affected by pregnancy. These observations, although preliminary, suggest interactions of lithium with both fetal and maternal physiology during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Transmembrane distribution of lithium and sodium in erythrocytes of depressed patients.

In this investigation the intracellular: extracellular distribution of lithium across the erythrocyte membrane (RBC lithium distribution) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies were conducted by incubating cells from drug-free subjects in lithium-containing physiologic media. The in vivo studies consisted of measurements of plasma and erythrocyte (RBC) lithium and sodium concentrations during lithium carbonate treatment. Previous observations of a correlation between in vitro and in vivo RBC lithium distribution values were verified, and it was found that addition of 0.1 mM ouabain to the in vitro incubation media abolished this correlation. To examine the relationship between RBC lithium distribution and specific clinical features of depression, in vitro studies were conducted with RBCs from 20 depressed patients and 14 nondepressed control subjects. The patients were categorized as having bipolar (manic-depressive), unipolar, or secondary depressive disorders. After in vitro incubation with lithium for 48 h, the RBCs from bipolar patients had lithium distribution values that were similar to those observed in ouabain-treated cells. It appears that the lithium transport characteristics of RBCs of bipolar patients may differ from those of other depressed patients or nondepressed subjects.

Depression↗
PubMed1976

Pharmacokinetics of lithium in human plasma and erythrocytes.

The time course of lithium concentration in plasma and RBCs was measured in normal adult males following administration of single and multiple doses of lithium carbonate. From the single dose profiles, it was determined that lithium distribution between plasma and RBCs is not a simple partitioning phenomenon. The single dose time course measurements in both blood components were fit to a two compartment pharmacokinetic model in which the plasma was representative of the central compartment and the RBCs were representative of the tissue compartment. The importance of correction for trapped plasma volume in studies measuring lithium RBC kinetics was emphasized. In this study it was also demonstrated that one can accurately predict plasma and RBC lithium concentrations which are observed following multiple dosing, on the basis of single dose parameters obtained in the same subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effect of chlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics of lithium in plasma and erythrocytes.

The effect of chlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics of lithium in both plasma and RBCs was studied in normal adult males. This was accomplished by administering single, 300 mg. doses of lithium carbonate alone and concurrently with chlorothiazide (0.5 grams/day for one week). Thiazide administration resulted in increases in plasma and RBC concentrations of 26.2 and 25.4%, respectively, as well as a 26.5% decrease in renal lithium clearance. The data were analyzed in terms of a two compartment pharmacokinetic model as previously reported (8). The results of this analysis showed that the change in renal lithium clearance could be accounted for by a 24.1% reduction in the value of ke, the excretion rate constant. It was also shown that changes in plasma lithium concentration during chronic lithium therapy would be expected to increase by 25-30% when chlorothiazide therapy is employed. The model also predicts that changes in RBC concentrations would parallel those occurring in plasma and thus no change in the RBC/plasma lithium ratio would be expected.

Adult↗