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Biomedical subjects

J Maltby

Publications and source records attributed to J Maltby.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Psychological correlates of attitudes toward men.

The relation between attitudes toward men and a number of personality, attitude, and health factors was studied. The 379 respondents (176 men, 203 women) completed the Attitudes Toward Men Scale (A. N. lazzo, 1983) and measures of the Big Five personality factors, conservatism, male bashing, attitudes toward women, sex role, locus of control, and health (including depression, anxiety, and self-esteem). A regression analysis using correlates of attitudes toward men indicated that, among women, femininity and self-esteem were important in predicting attitudes toward men. Among men, masculinity, self-esteem, and age were most important in predicting attitudes toward men.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between exercise motives and psychological well-being.

The aim of the present study was to use the self-determination model of exercise motives to examine the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motives for exercise and a number of measures of psychological well-being. Undergraduate students purporting to exercise regularly (N = 227; 102 men, 125 women) were split into 2 groups: those exercising for less than 6 months and those exercising for 6 months or more. The respondents were asked to complete measures of exercise motivation, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and stress. Among individuals exercising for less than 6 months, a number of extrinsic motivations for exercise were significantly related to poorer psychological well-being. Among individuals exercising for 6 months or more, a number of intrinsic motivations were significantly related to better psychological well-being. The present findings suggest that researchers can use self-determination theory to understand the relationship between exercise motivation and psychological well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Romantic acts and depression.

The aim of the present study was to provide an examination of the relationship between the importance individuals attach to romantic acts and depressive symptoms. Among 140 male and 160 female English undergraduate students, the importance individuals attach to romantic acts is significantly negatively correlated with higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Depression symptoms subscale of the General Health Questionnaire among the men only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Conservatism and defense style.

The dynamic theory of conservatism suggests that conservatism can be described as an ego-defensive behavior. Furthermore, the theory of defense style suggests that defensive behaviors are revealed in individuals' attitude structures. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between conservatism and defense style. Measures of conservatism, anal personality traits, and defense style were completed by 238 university students (103 men, 134 women, 1 unidentified). The measure of anal personality traits was included to replicate factors previously discovered with similar conservatism measures. A principal components analysis with oblimin rotation indicated that conservatism and anal personality traits loaded alongside mature defense style. The findings suggest that conservatism can be located within the theoretical model of defense style. However, it is suggested that the match between liberal attitudes and mature defense style be investigated in future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between belief in good luck and general health.

62 undergraduate university students were administered the 12-item Belief in Good Luck Scale of Darke and Freedman and the General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg and Williams. Scores on belief in good luck showed a significant correlation of -.29 with anxiety and -.35 with depression but correlations were not significant for somatic symptoms (.15) and social dysfunction (.15).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Interleukin-10 expression and function in experimental murine liver inflammation and fibrosis.

Kupffer cells (KC) play a central role in the initiation and perpetuation of hepatic inflammation, which, if uncontrolled, can result in tissue damage, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) can inhibit a range of macrophage functions. We hypothesized that the transcription, synthesis, and release of IL-10 may influence the development of liver injury. Rat KC were activated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and expression of IL-10 mRNA compared with IL-13 and IL-1beta by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effects of pretreatment with recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) on KC phagocytosis, production of superoxide (SO), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) were examined by fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), reduction of ferricytochrome C, and bioassay, respectively. Rats were administered intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and expression of IL-10 mRNA and protein in vivo compared with IL-13 and IL-1beta by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Results were correlated with histological inflammatory changes. Finally, IL-10 gene-deleted (IL-10-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) controls were administered intraperitoneal CCl4 biweekly for up to 70 days, and the development of inflammation and fibrosis compared by scoring histological changes. IL-10 mRNA was up-regulated early, both in KC in vitro and in whole liver in vivo, concurrent with that of IL-1beta. IL-10 was able to inhibit KC production of both SO and TNF- in vitro, and this was achieved more effectively than IL-4 or IL-13; no such effects were seen on KC phagocytosis. After 70 days of treatment with CCl4, IL-10-/- mice showed significantly more severe fibrosis and exhibited higher hepatic TNF- levels than WT controls. These results suggest that IL-10 synthesized during the course of liver inflammation and fibrosis may modulate KC actions, and influence subsequent progression of fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Oral pessimism and depressive symptoms: a comparison with other correlates of depression.

The need to examine alternative explanations for findings in psychoanalytic theory is often suggested but rarely practised. The aim of the present study was to examine Lewis' (1993) prediction that oral pessimism is important to the aetiology of depression within the context of social psychological, cognitive and personality explanations of depression. One hundred and sixty Northern Irish university students completed measures of depressive symptoms, oral pessimism and oral optimism, optimism, neuroticism, coping style, attribution style and self-esteem. Results show that oral pessimism, neuroticism and the use of stable attributions are dominant in accounting for variance in a measure of depression and support Lewis' (1993) finding that oral pessimism is important in depressive symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Scores on a statistics test and scores on the Defense Style Questionnaire.

Scores for 21 men and 41 women on a university statistics test were compared with scores on the 1993 Defense Style Questionnaire of Andrews, et al. The significant negative association between higher scores on the statistics test and higher scores on the measure of the defence mechanism of projection suggested the latter construct be considered when examining statistical achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Personality correlates of religiosity among adults in the Republic of Ireland.

This study examined the relationship between measures of personal religiosity (religious attitude, frequency of personal prayer), a measure of public religiosity (church attendance), and the Abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire among 216 adults in the Republic of Ireland. A significant negative correlation was found between scores on psychoticism and on the three measures of religiosity among men (religious attitude, -.36; frequency of personal prayer, -.40; and frequency of church attendance, -.30) and among women (religious attitude, -.40; frequency of personal prayer, -.47; and frequency of church attendance, -.31). No significant relationship was found between any of the religiosity measures and the other measures contained within the Eysenck scores. A further analysis of the data suggests that the relationship for measures of public religiosity with low psychoticism is only a facet of the relationship between public and personal religiosity. These findings add to a growing body of research which locates religiosity within the psychoticism dimension of Eysenck's model of personality and adds to prior suggestions that this approach is applicable only to personal aspects of religiosity.

Adolescent↗