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Biomedical subjects

J Martell

Publications and source records attributed to J Martell.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Physiological augmentation of amino acid-induced insulin secretion by GIP and GLP-I but not by CCK-8.

It was the aim of this study to test insulinotropic actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-I)-(7--36) amide at basal glucose but physiologically elevated amino acid concentrations. Therefore, in nine fasting healthy volunteers, an amino acid mixture was infused intravenously (12.6 g/h over 120 min). On separate occasions, from 30 to 120 min, placebo (0.9% NaCl-1% human serum albumin), synthetic sulfated CCK-8 (0.5 pmol.kg-1.min-1), human GIP (1 pmol.kg-1.min-1), or GLP-I-(7--36) amide (0.3 pmol.kg-1.min-1) was infused intravenously to mimic physiological increments after a meal. The amino acid infusion lead to a small increment in plasma glucose from 4.8 +/- 0.2 to 5.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l and significantly elevated insulin and C-peptide concentrations. GIP and GLP-I-(7--36) amide further stimulated insulin (1.8-fold, P = 0.0001 and 0.004, respectively) and C-peptide (1.3-fold, P = 0.0003 and 0.013, respectively), with a subsequent slight reduction in plasma glucose (P < 0.0001). Insulin and C-peptide then decreased again in parallel. CCK-8 was without effect on insulin and C-peptide levels. In conclusion, GIP and GLP-I-(7--36) amide are not only able to interact with elevated plasma glucose but are insulinotropic also with physiologically raised amino acid concentrations. Such an interaction could play a role after the ingestion of mixed meals. Cholecystokinin, on the other hand, is not a physiological incretin also under these conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Health promotion priorities of economically stressed cities.

The authors surveyed the local health officers (LHOs) of 436 northeastern and midwestern cities about their priorities for promoting health through prevention. LHOs of the most economically stressed cities identified the following as the five most important public health prevention goals that are amenable to intervention: reducing the incidence of HIV infection and AIDS, improving maternal and infant health, controlling sexually transmitted diseases, reducing violent and abusive behavior, and immunizing against infectious diseases. Their judgments were almost identical to those of LHOs of the least economically stressed cities and of a sample of African American political and public health leaders. LHOs of the most stressed cities were more pessimistic than their counterparts about achieving the objectives. The results of this survey can be used by federal, state, and local governments as well as private organizations as a guide for allocating scarce resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cementless Gustilo-Kyle and BIAS total hip arthroplasty: 2- to 5-year results.

We conducted extensive radiographic and clinical examination of 58 cementless total hip arthroplasties. Forty BIAS femoral stems had heads made of Co-base F 75 alloy and 18 Gustilo-Kyle femoral stems had Ti6A14V alloy heads. The cross-sectional geometry and location of the porous coating pads of the two stem types was identical, the BIAS component being slightly shorter. At the last follow-up, 27.8% of the Gustilo-Kyle femoral components and 2.5% of the BIAS femoral components were unstable. None of the acetabular components in the BIAS group as against 38.9% of the acetabular components in the Gustilo-Kyle group demonstrated wear of more than 1 mm. All unstable components which did not suffer intraoperative fracture had also acetabular wear of more than 1 mm. The only case with endosteal erosion was seen in a patient with an unstable implant displaying the most extensive wear. Nonparametric statistical analysis showed that the patients with Ti6A14V/polyethylene bearing surfaces had a statistically significantly higher extent of wear and a statistically significant higher incidence of femoral component loosening than patients with CrCoMo/polyethylene bearing surfaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Penetration of ciprofloxacin into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with uninflamed meninges.

Nine patients with external ventriculostomy and suffering from hydrocephalus, due to non-inflammatory central nervous system diseases, were given ciprofloxacin (200 mg twice daily iv). Ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and CSF were measured by HPLC. Single-dose pharmacokinetics were determined in three patients, and 60 and 600 min post-dose levels after repeated administration in six patients. CSF concentrations were maximal 60-120 min after the end of the infusion. The CSF elimination half-life was 260-430 min compared with 145-170 in serum. Post-dose levels at 60 min ranged from 0.042 to 0.223 mg/l (median = 0.110). Repeated administration did not lead to substantial increases in serum and CSF concentrations. With respect to MIC90 values reported for bacteria involved in CNS infections, the CSF concentrations of ciprofloxacin obtained under our experimental conditions would be considered subtherapeutic. Thus ciprofloxacin therapy of CNS infections may be inadequate when only minor impairment of the blood-CSF barrier exists.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

T and Tk transformation in hemolytic uremic syndromes.

In two cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) the bacterial pathogenesis of the disease could be elucidated by lectin red cell agglutination tests. The possible role of anti-T and anti-Tk antibodies is discussed. Transfusions of fresh plasma had no adverse effects. The fatal outcome in one case was caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

[Hemodynamic characteristics of necrotizing pancreatitis].

Seventy-one patients with necrotizing pancreatitis in stages II and III were treated at the surgical intensive care unit in the authors' hospital, between 1982 and 1986. Pathological courses in 23 patients were so severe that a pulmonary catheter had to be applied to monitor haemodynamic changes. Seventeen of these 23 patients died (73.9 per cent), while six survived. The gravest difference between these two groups was relating to vasculopulmonary resistance, which went up strongly in the first group (428 +/- 19 dyn X sec X cm-5) and stayed moderate in the second (201 +/- 13 dyn X sec X cm-5). The left-ventricular stroke work index in the first group was lower with significance than that in the second, the values being 33.4 +/- 2 g X m/m2 versus 44 +/- 4.6 g X m/m2.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Ciprofloxacin concentration in the rabbit aqueous humor and vitreous following intravenous and subconjunctival administration.

12 mg (6 ml) ciprofloxacin were intravenously administered to rabbits. Using high-pressure-liquid-chromatography the concentration in serum, aqueous humor and vitreous were measured after 1, 4, 10 and 24 h. The mean serum levels were 0.698 mg/l and 0.0425 mg/l after 1 and 10 h, respectively. The drug reached mean levels in the aqueous humor of 0.0595 mg/l and 0.0073 mg/l, respectively. Concerning the subconjunctival application 1 mg (0.5 ml) ciprofloxacin was injected either epibulbar near the limbus corneae or under the conjunctiva of the lower fornix. The mean aqueous humor levels were 0.887 mg/l and 0.094 mg/l after 1 and 10 h, respectively, following epibulbar injection. In contrast, the "fornix-injection" produced mean levels of 0.0267 mg/l and 0.025 mg/l in the aqueous humor after 1 and 10 h, respectively. The concentration of ciprofloxacin in the vitreous was near the detection limit following every method of administration of the drug. The importance of differentiating between epibulbar subconjunctival application and the injection under the conjunctiva of the fornix is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ciprofloxacin concentrations in human aqueous humor following intravenous administration.

16 patients received an intravenous infusion of 200 mg ciprofloxacin 1, 2, 3 and 6 h, respectively, before cataract extraction. This dosage produced mean aqueous humor levels of 0.165 +/- 0.09 and 0.126 +/- 0.028 microgram/ml after 1 and 3 h, respectively. The mean serum levels were 1.760 +/- 0.873 and 0.854 +/- 0.283 microgram/ml after 1 and 3 h, respectively. These levels are above the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin for sensitive organisms.

Aqueous Humor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical dilemmas and solutions for risk assessment scientists.

A sample survey of U.S. scientists who belong to the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) was made to ascertain their observations of unethical behavior in the workplace and their opinions of the likely success of programs to prevent misconduct. SRA, an international organization with almost 1,700 U.S. members, includes toxicologists, epidemiologists, industrial hygienists, engineers, and social scientists, as well as experts in exposure assessment, statistics, and risk communications. Respondents reported relatively low rates of clearly unethical acts such as data destruction and fabrication (7%); however, 21% reported at least one observation of plagiarism. Reporting of other problematic behaviors ranged from less than 4% for human subjects violations to 51% observing deliberate overstatement of positive and deliberate understatement of negative results. SRA members did not think that government intervention would be effective in reducing misconduct. They were more supportive of formal education, seminars, videotapes, and a hotline that could be called for advice. We offer suggestions to ISEA and its members for developing a proactive approach to ethical misconduct.

Ethics, Professional↗