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Biomedical subjects

J Martin

Publications and source records attributed to J Martin.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Parental perceptions of children's modesty: a cross-sectional survey of ages two to ten years.

Modesty has been defined as decorum in relation to physical nakedness, and sexual and eliminative behavior (Newson and Newson 1968). The connection between nakedness, sexuality, and modesty with respect to family members dates back millennia. Leviticus prohibited incest with the phrase, "Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of ..." and then specified a lengthy list of forbidden relatives. We will review contemporary theories and research projects concerning modesty and then discuss the results of a study we designed in order to investigate age trends in the development of modesty.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Lack of genotoxic activity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in rat and human hepatocytes.

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer which has been reported to induce a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in female Fischer-344 rats (8/50) when administered in the diet at 12 000 p.p.m. for two years. Numerous studies with cells in culture have failed to show any genotoxic activity associated with DEHP. Because DEHP induces multiple changes in the liver, such as peroxisomal proliferation, it was possible that these alterations could result in genotoxic effects in the treated whole animal that would not be seen in cells in culture. Accordingly, the ability of DEHP to induce DNA damage or repair was examined in rat hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro and in human hepatocytes in vitro. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into primary hepatocyte cultures immediately isolated from treated animals or hepatocyte cultures incubated directly with DEHP. DNA damage was measured by alkaline elution of cellular DNA from the same cultures. In vivo-in vitro treatment regimens were: (i) female rats, 12 000 p.p.m. DEHP in the diet for 30 days; (ii) female rats, 12 000 p.p.m. in the diet for 30 days, followed by 500 mg/kg DEHP by gavage 2 h before sacrifice; (iii) male rats, 500 mg/kg DEHP by gavage 2, 12, 24, or 48 h before sacrifice; and (iv) male rats, 150 mg/kg/day by gavage for 14 days. In vitro conditions were 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM DEHP in the cultures for 18 h. Primary cultures of human hepatocytes were prepared from freshly discarded surgical material and exposed to the same concentration of DEHP. Concentrations up to 0.5 mM mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, a principal metabolite of DEHP, were also examined in the human hepatocyte assay. No chemically induced DNA damage or repair was observed in vivo or in vitro in rat or human hepatocytes under any of the conditions employed. However, an increase in the percentage of cells in S-phase in the animals given DEHP was observed. These data indicate that DEHP does not exhibit direct genotoxic activity in the animals even with a treatment regimen which eventually produced tumors in a long term bioassay, and that both rat and human hepatocytes are similar in their lack of a genotoxic response to DEHP exposure in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Graded global ischaemia and reperfusion of the isolated perfused rat heart: characterisation by 31P NMR spectroscopy of the extent of energy metabolism damage.

31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used, in combination with biochemical methods, to describe the persisting alterations in energy metabolism provoked by graded normothermic (37 degrees C) global ischaemia, and reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart. Graded global ischaemia was induced by adjusting the coronary flow to 0, 1.2, 2.8, or 6.5% of the spontaneous coronary flow in hearts perfused retrogradely under 100 cmH2O (9.807 kPa) perfusion pressure. The 24 min ischaemia was followed by 30 min reperfusion with spontaneous coronary flow. Other series of hearts were perfused with a glucose-free buffer, they were submitted to identical restrictions of coronary flow but for 9 min only with a reperfusion of 20 min. NMR spectra (3 min) were taken throughout the perfusion-ischaemia-reperfusion sequence and used to follow the time-changes in intracellular pH and in the intramyocardial levels of phosphate compounds. Hearts were freeze-clamped at the end of reperfusion to allow for biochemical measurements to be made. Analysis of the results was mainly focused on the energy state at the end of reperfusion. At the end of ischaemia, the extent of the decrease in intracellular pH and the changes in phosphate compound levels were sharply dependent on the degree of coronary flow restriction. In glucose-free perfused hearts, the intracellular acidosis was less than in the presence of glucose. At the end of reperfusion, three kinds of metabolic alterations could be distinguished: 1) those, such as the extent of rephosphorylation of creatine, which were undiscriminative of the acuteness of the previous ischaemia; 2) those, such as the degree of the persisting depletion in ATP (and in the sum of adenine nucleotides), which were directly correlated to the degree of restriction of ischaemic coronary flow; 3) and those which characterised only the most severe conditions of ischaemia, namely a persisting increase in myocardial inorganic phosphate content, a residual shift, albeit slight, of intracellular pH toward acidic values and a displacement of the adenylate charge below control value. The assumption is made that these latter indices can be used to differenciate between reversible and irreversible metabolic damage. An index, calculated from NMR data and correlating well with the adenylate charge, is proposed.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1984

The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study. III. Transformations and covariate adjustments of lipid and lipoprotein levels.

Several methods of transformation and covariate adjustment have been applied to the Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Program Family Study data to facilitate analysis of lipid levels of examinees of different sex and age groups. After several exploratory analyses, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were logarithmically transformed, and triglycerides were transformed by the power -0.25. Two types of covariate adjustment procedures, the regression and Z score methods, were used. A modified regression method was developed and was found to be preferable to both simple cubic regression and the Z score method on theoretical and empirical grounds. Refinements in this method to correct for change in variance with age, and for the effect of socioeconomic status, seasonality, and anthropometric measures were made. Methodological issues connected with the transformation and adjustment procedures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Are there female heterogametic strains of Chironomus tentans Fabricius?

Although male heterogamety is the generally accepted method of sex determination in Chironomus, female heterogamety has been reported for some strains of Chironomus tentans. Some new data, combined with a reassessment of the published data, indicate that the proposal of female heterogamety rests on inconclusive data, while male heterogamety provides an adequate explanation of sex determination in C. tentans. A cross which would unambiguously discriminate between male and female heterogamety in these strains is proposed, although it is considered unlikely that female heterogamety exists in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Behavior therapy of anxiety disorders: motivating the resistant patient.

The authors discuss several psychotherapy techniques that mix well and are often indispensable adjuncts in the behavioral therapy of treatment-resistant anxiety-disorder patients. These include psychoeducation, family therapy, psychodynamic interpretations, paradoxical injunctions, and assertiveness training. Multimodal approaches are often indicated with patients who would otherwise not tolerate exposure treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Selective cytotoxicity of monoclonal antibodies against fibroblasts: application in growth of human corneal epithelial cells in culture.

Several monoclonal antibodies were developed to cell-surface antigens of human corneal fibroblasts grown in culture. Indirect immunohistochemical analysis showed that the antigens recognized by these monoclonal antibodies were also present on the skin fibroblasts. However, these antigens were not detectable on corneal epithelial cells and, therefore, were specific with respect to cell-type. When screened for complement dependent cytotoxicity by dye-exclusion test and 51Cr-release assay, two of the antibodies, designated 5F2-2 (IgM type) and 7E2-1 (IgG type) were found to be cytotoxic to human embryonic lung and skin fibroblasts but not to corneal epithelial cells grown in culture. These two antibodies were utilized to selectively eliminate corneal fibroblasts in the presence of rabbit complement to establish corneal epithelial cells in culture free of corneal fibroblasts.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

[Apropos of drug addicts. Challenges of participation and education for public health].

Community participation to improve the health of the population and to control disease is nowadays strongly recommended by the World Health Organization. How should such participation be implemented? Certain important conditions for its implementation have been underrated. Among them, self confidence is of great importance. Experts are sometimes too specialized and cannot grasp the various implications of certain activities. In health education the need to maintain and reinforce the self-esteem of those concerned has been repeatedly stressed recently. When one deals with drug addicts the difficulty of obtaining their participation is compounded. Many drug addicts often claim that they are bored, that the life they lead is dull. The author indicates that he has no miraculous recipe to offer but he believes it is extremely important that drug addicts be helped to recover their self-esteem since most of them have lost confidence in themselves, a factor which explains failures.

Health Education↗
PubMed1984

[The microcomputer in bacteriology. Value in the automated performance of antibiograms in hospitals].

In microbiology, most computerization is carried out by means of important centralized computers. On the contrary, our work is based upon the use of inexpensive microcomputers. We have developed general programs for the acquisition of data, their correction, and retrieval of lists arranged according to desired parameters (hospital department, germ, or sample) and various statistics, especially with respect to germ sensitivity. This system has been used on a routine basis since April 1982 in the Bacteriology Laboratory of Nancy University Hospital. It could easily be adapted to other laboratories and could provide a wide range of essential epidemiological data on the resistance of bacterial strains to antibiotics and their evolution with time.

Computers↗
PubMed1984

Yellow nail syndrome and chronic sinusitis.

This paper reports the case of female patient who presented with the yellow nail syndrome and was ultimately found to have related chronic pansinusitis and bronchitis. The head and neck manifestations of this syndrome are described as well as the successful management of her sinusitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effects of irradiation on the interaction of fluorescent probes with lymphocytes.

Low doses of radiation reduce the rate and magnitude of fluorescent probe interaction with spleen cells. The uptake of 8-anilino-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS), but not diphenyl-hexatriene (DPH), is reduced in a dose-dependent fashion in cells that receive 25-100 rads. The effects of irradiation are most evident in a "medium" fluorescent subpopulation with no effect observed for a "dim" subpopulation. Splenic lymphocytes enriched for T cells show lower uptake of ANS, compared with a B-cell-enriched population. In addition, the normal decrease in ANS fluorescence polarization that occurs during the initial 10 minutes of probe interaction is attenuated in irradiated cells. These findings are consistent with the notion that low doses of radiation limit the penetration of ANS, but not DPH, into a less restrictive microenvironment within the plasma membranes of T, but not B, cells.

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates↗
PubMed1984

Functional outcome of closed head injury in children and young adults.

A comprehensive questionnaire which measured gross and fine motor function in the area of cognition, communication, and social development was completed by parents of children and young adults who had suffered severe closed head injuries between the years 1967 and 1978. The final sample included 42 returned questionnaires. Of these patients, 15 (37%) were considered independent, 20 (49%) dependent, and 6 (14%) had died. The area of cognition and communication dysfunction seemed to contribute most to dependency. The younger age group and the patients who were comatose for a shorter period of time tended to do the best functionally. While severe closed head injury can result in significant disability, many patients can achieve functional independence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Mucosal surface lesions in young protein-deficient pigs infected with Ascaris suum (Nematoda).

The morphology of the mucosal surface of samples from the small intestine of young protein-deficient pigs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Three pigs had been infected with Ascaris suum for at least 58 days while 1 had remained uninfected; all pigs were housed and maintained under the same conditions, at the same time. The tissue samples collected at post mortem examination from pigs which contained A. suum showed varying degrees of villous atrophy and fusion. In addition, unusual small craters and as yet unidentified objects were observed at the surfaces of the enterocytes of Ascaris-infected pigs. These changes in mucosal morphology were not seen in the tissue taken from the uninfected pig. The possible association between the mucosal lesions and lactose maldigestion in young, protein-deficient pigs infected with A. suum is discussed.

Animals↗