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Biomedical subjects

J Martin

Publications and source records attributed to J Martin.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
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Relative efficacy of the proposed Space Shuttle antimotion sickness medications.

Space motion sickness has been estimated as affecting between 1/3 and 1/2 of all space flight participants. NASA has at the moment proposed a combination of promethazine and ephedrine (P/E) and one of scopolamine and dextroamphetamine (S/D), both given orally, as well as a transdermally applied scopolamine (TAS), as preventive and ameliorative measures. The reported double-blind study, tests the early phase actions and efficacy of the transdermal scopolamine (Transderm (TM)-V of ALZA Corporation) and compares these in detail to the oral medications. Motion sickness resistance was tested by standardized head movements while accelerating at 0.2 degree/sec2 to a maximum rotation of 240 degrees/sec, with an intermediate plateau of 10 min at 180 degrees/sec. To permit weighting motion sickness protection against other system influences, cardiovascular, psychological (subjective and objective), and visual parameter changes were documented for the three therapeutic modes. The relative impact of the various modalities on operational and experimental components of space missions is discussed. A comparison to intramuscularly administered promethazine (a backup therapeutic mode suggested for Space Shuttle use) is also included.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
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Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two stage survey.

In a two stage retrospective survey on child sexual abuse (CSA), a majority of CSA incidents were reported at both postal and interview stages of the survey. Incidents that involved genital contact were most likely to be reported at both stages. A significant number of women reported abuse by a close family member in the postal questionnaire but not at interview. In contrast, incidents mentioned only at interview were more likely to be carried out by a stranger. At interview, many women who replied negatively to a general screening question on CSA went on to report abuse in response to detailed descriptive questions. This was especially true for noncontact experiences. Increasingly restrictive definitions of CSA lowered the prevalence rate for CSA under the age of 16 years from 34.4% to 19.7%. The implication of these findings for the design of future studies is discussed.

Adolescent↗
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Properties of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli.

gamma-Aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K-12 has been purified and characterized from cell mutants able to grow in putrescine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The enzyme has an Mr of 195,000 +/- 10,000 in its dimeric form with an Mr of 95,000 +/- 1,000 for each subunit, a pH optimum at 5.4 in sodium citrate buffer, and does not require bivalent cations for its activity. Km values are 31.3 +/- 6.8 microM and 53.8 +/- 7.4 microM for delta-1-pyrroline and NAD+, respectively. An inhibitory capacity for NADH is also shown using the purified enzyme.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
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Characterization of an antiserum to synaptic glomeruli from rat cerebellum.

Rabbit anti-rat cerebellar synaptic glomeruli antiserum when absorbed with non-neural tissues reacts only with neural tissues when tested by indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections. Further absorption with forebrain results in the antiserum which detectably reacts only with synaptic glomeruli and soma of Purkinje cells of both rat and mouse. The developmental expression of the synaptic glomeruli antigen(s) parallels the formation of synapses between mossy fibers and granule cells. Immature synaptic contacts do not contain recognizable antigen(s), whereas only at postnatal Day 15 glomeruli become antigen-positive. At this stage antigen in Purkinje cells is no longer carried in their dendrites, but becomes confined to the cell soma. Staggerer mutant mice still express the immature pattern of antigen distribution on postnatal Day 18.

Animals↗
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Repertory, therapeutic indications, chemical analysis and cultural background of mineral drugs of Afghanistan.

The traditional uses of minerals drugs and chemical products for medicine were studied in Afghanistan. Twelve medicinal drugs have been identified by chemical investigations and are presented in one table with the vernacular names (in Dari, Pasto and Kati); the origins and the therapeutical uses are listed in another table with their cultural background in pre-Islamic (Greek and Indian medicines) and Islamic pharmacopoeia (Afghano-Persian and Arabian medicines). Twenty-six other mineral drugs are also mentioned.

Afghanistan↗
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Nonambulatory persons with profound mental retardation: physical, developmental, and behavioral characteristics.

Although profound mental retardation is generally associated with various organic etiologies that result in substantial cognitive and behavioral deficits, little is known about specific subgroups of persons with profound mental retardation. This study presents data on the physical, developmental, and behavioral characteristics of a group of 203 nonambulatory persons with profound mental retardation residing within a specialized service setting. The results indicate that nonambulatory persons with profound mental retardation have a high prevalence of physical and medical problems along with high rates of self-injurious, stereotypic, and aggressive behavior. Assessment results from the Stanford-Binet (L-M), Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Mental Scale, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale reveal a high degree of variability in cognitive and adaptive functioning. However, developmental age-equivalent scores of cognitive ability, communication, daily living, socialization, and motor skills for the group fell below the 1-year level. The data illustrate the complexity of needs in providing habilitative services to nonambulatory persons with profound mental retardation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
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Comparison of pharmacokinetics of a conjugated equine estrogen preparation (premarin) and a synthetic mixture of estrogens (C.E.S.) in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailabilities of key estrogen components of Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst, Canada) with those of a generic conjugated estrogen preparation, C.E.S. (synthetic mixture of estrogens; ICN, Montreal, Canada) in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, single-dose, two-treatment, three-period crossover study in 41 postmenopausal women. After an oral dose (2 x 0.625 mg) of Premarin or C.E.S., plasma concentrations of unconjugated and total estrone (E(1)), equilin (Eq), 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E(2)), 17beta-dihydroequilin (17beta-Eq), Delta(8)-esterone (Delta(8)-E(1)) and Delta(8),17beta-estradiol (Delta(8),17beta-E(2)) were measured over 72 hours using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: After administration of C.E.S., E(1), Eq, and 17beta-Eq appeared in blood at a significantly faster rate (lower t(max)) than after Premarin. The rapid appearance of estrogens after C.E.S. was associated with significantly higher (14-61%) C(max) values. In contrast to the high C(max) values, the area under the curve (AUC)(infinity) of unconjugated and total Eq, and 17beta-Eq were significantly lower after C.E.S., whereas those of E(1) were significantly higher. Although, the t(max) values for 17beta-E(2) were lower and the C(max) values higher after C.E.S., only the C(max) of unconjugated 17beta-E(2) was significantly different after Premarin. Unconjugated and total Delta(8)-E(1) and its main metabolite, Delta(8),17beta-E(2), were detectable in plasma only after administration of Premarin. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) (C. E.S./Premarin) of bioavailability parameters indicated that all C(max) and t(max) values for the unconjugated and total E(1), Eq, 17beta-E(2), and 17beta-Eq fell outside the regulatory requirement that the 90% confidence intervals of GMRs of two products be within 80% and 125%. Similarly, with the exception of total E(1) and total Eq, none of the AUC(t) or AUC(alpha) of the remaining estrogens meets the required regulatory standards of bioequivalence. CONCLUSIONS: C.E.S. is not bioequivalent to Premarin. Because C.E.S. also is not pharmaceutically equivalent to Premarin, it cannot be assumed to be therapeutically equivalent. Until long-term clinical trials with C.E.S. demonstrate its efficacy, extrapolation of the long-term benefits described for Premarin to C.E.S. would be risky and questionable.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oxygen transport and organ dysfunction in the older trauma patient.

OBJECTIVES: To determine baseline values of cardiac index (CI) and oxygen transport variables in patients with multiple trauma within 24 hours of admission to a level I trauma center. METHOD: This project was part of a larger study comparing methods of measuring oxygen consumption (VO2) in 38 severely injured patients. Measurements of CI, oxygen delivery (DO2), and VO2 were performed every 6 hours for 24 hours. Patients were monitored for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. RESULTS: The mean age was 59 (+/- 17) years, with 74% (n = 28) of patients 50 years or older. Patients 65 years or older had significantly lower levels of CI, DO2, and VO2. Initial age-related differences in CI (P < .001) persisted at each time period (P < .0136). Younger patients generated a higher DO2 at each time period (P < .0005). Even though there were persistent age-related differences in VO2 over time (P < .0001), no interaction between age and time was found. Survivors had lower scores for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome than did nonsurvivors (P < .0001), all of whom were 50 years or older. Mortality was 21%. CONCLUSIONS: All patients were hypermetabolic, but older patients were much less so. Younger patients progressively had increased CI and DO2 levels, whereas older patients started with low levels that remained so. Patients in each age group appeared to lock into a level of VO2 that did not change over time. These findings underscore the vulnerability of older patients to poor outcomes. As the magnitude of the postinjury response is partly age-dependent, future research should differentiate patient characteristics associated with positive outcomes among elderly trauma patients.

Adult↗
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Methadone maintenance treatment: a primer for physicians.

The doctor-patient interaction in the methadone maintenance treatment clinic is qualitatively different from general medical settings. The patient presents with a specific request for treatment of opioid dependence, most often having already selected the methadone treatment modality, and the initial contact is centered around obtaining methadone. Addiction and needle use increase susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses, such as syphilis, endocarditis, tuberculosis, and AIDS. The physician is working with counselors, nurses, therapists and 12-Step programs, incorporating the best of the medical, psychodynamic, behavioral, and recovery models into treatment. Federal and state governments also control and regulate methadone treatment. Given this complex picture, the basic techniques of methadone maintenance treatment are reviewed, including the intake examination, the annual examination, dose adjustment, withdrawal from methadone maintenance, management of pregnant patients, dual diagnosis patients, and severely ill or medically disabled patients.

Female↗