Professional depression, 'burnout' and personality in longstay nursing.
Conceptualizations of 'burnout' vary between authors. Some descriptions of burnout show strong similarities to depression in the work setting, or 'professional depression' as described by Oswin [Children Living in Long Stay Hospitals, 1978. Heinemann, London]. This study supported such a similarity, and demonstrated a considerable extent of depressed mood amongst nursing staff in longstay settings, which was particularly significant amongst male staff. A number of distinct 'burnout' responses were evident amongst staff including not only 'professional depression' and depersonalization but also the avoidance of problems and decisions. Ambiguity about supervisors' expectations and success in meeting such expectations were associated with increased scores on each of these variables. Personality appeared to be related to staff's responses. Staff prone to direct hostility inwards on themselves were more likely to show an avoidance of problems and decisions. Those staff prone to direct hostility outwards were more likely to report an awareness of depersonalization toward others. Both these processes may in different ways affect patient care and relationships with other professionals.