Ascorbic acid supplements and blood pressure. A four-week pilot study.
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Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
J Moran
Publications and source records attributed to J Moran.
Accuracy of two enzyme immunoassays and cell culture in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in low and high risk populations in Senegal.
Two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), Chlamydiazyme (CZ; Abbott Laboratories) and Pathfinder (PF; Kallestadt), were compared with a cell culture technique in the detection of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 670 women in urban settings in Senegal (377 pregnant women and 293 prostitutes). Positive CZ and positive PF specimens were tested a second time using a monoclonal antibody blocking technique. True positive specimens were defined as those positive on culture or positive on EIA with confirmation of the result after blocking. Using this definition, the prevalence of genital chlamydial infection was 14.6% and 14.3% in pregnant women and prostitutes respectively. An important difference between the two populations was that the pregnant women were younger than the prostitutes, which might explain the fact that the prevalence of infection among the pregnant women was as high as that among the prostitutes, although the age-adjusted prevalence was higher among prostitutes than among pregnant women. The chlamydial detection rates of cell culture, CZ and PF were 62% (26/42), 69% (29/42) and 86% (36/42) respectively in prostitutes and 76% (42/55), 40% (22/55) and 53% (29/55) respectively in pregnant women. Agreement between the tests was 89%, 85% and 88% for culture/CZ, culture/PF and CZ/PF respectively. However, when data were adjusted for chance agreement, kappa coefficients were 0.40 for culture/CZ, 0.34 for culture/PF and 0.48 for CZ/PF. These results indicate that the accuracy of the EIAs and cell culture may vary greatly in different populations: both EIAs showed a distinctly higher detection rate than culture in prostitutes and a significantly lower detection rate in pregnant women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Occurrence of auditory evoked field (AEF) N1M and P2M components in a sample of normal subjects.
A great deal of information about the characteristics of components N1m and P2m of the auditory evoked cortical fields (AEFs) has accumulated since the late 1970s. However, a number of fundamental issues have not been addressed. For instance, some previous investigators have suggested that P2m is present consistently in normals, whereas others suggest that when present, P2m is small in amplitude. Preliminary observations in this laboratory suggested that P2m is not observed consistently in normal subjects. Therefore, the specific aim of this investigation was to estimate the frequency of occurrence of the contralaterally recorded N1m and P2m after stimulation of right and left ears in normal subjects. Results demonstrated N1m to be present in all circumstances. Consistent with our preliminary observations, P2m was often absent, and moreso after stimulation of the left ear.
Adult↗
The effects of antimicrobial acrylic strips on the subgingival microflora in chronic periodontitis.
This study investigated the effects of root planing and/or the placement of acrylic strips containing chlorhexidine, metronidazole or tetracycline on the composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of the subgingival flora in chronic periodontitis. 101 periodontal pockets from 73 patients were entered into 6 treatment groups which were, chlorhexidine, metronidazole or tetracycline strips, root planing, root planing followed by metronidazole strips and a control, no treatment group. Total anaerobic counts and anaerobe/aerobe ratios were estimated from samples taken before treatment and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after treatment. In addition, a more detailed analysis of the effects of the treatments on the subgingival flora was carried out on 12 pockets in 12 patients. Tetracycline strips, metronidazole strips and root planing and metronidazole strips were more effective than chlorhexidine strips in causing reductions in total anaerobic count and anaerobe/aerobe ratio. However, the changes in microbial parameters rebounded to approach baseline levels 4 weeks after treatment. Chlorhexidine caused no detectable changes in the composition of the subgingival microflora, while metronidazole had a variable effect. Tetracycline appeared to effect major shifts in the composition of the microflora of treated pockets but caused a marked selection of tetracycline-resistant organisms.
Acrylic Resins↗
A comparison of natural product, triclosan and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on 4-day plaque regrowth.
There is a continuing search for ingredients to enhance the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Sanguinarine, other natural extracts and triclosan have already been used in products. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of triclosan and natural product rinses for effects on plaque regrowth. In particular, the influence of other rinse components were assessed, notably sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and zinc. The study was a randomised, blind, 9-cell cross-over design to measure the effects of each rinse on 4-day plaque regrowth from a zero baseline. 15 volunteers rinsed 2x daily with each product and plaque was recorded by area and score. The 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse (positive control) was significantly more effective, and the saline rinse (negative control) significantly less effective, than other rinses. Sanguinarine alone was little different from saline and the addition of zinc made a modest improvement in activity. The 3 triclosan/SLS rinses were more effective than the sanguinarine rinses but similar to their minus triclosan control rinse. A natural product/SLS experimental rinse was second to chlorhexidine and, in many analyses, significantly better than all other rinses, but caused some oral erosions. The results indicate that the plaque inhibitory properties of basic ingredients such as SLS may be difficult to enhance or surpass. However, the possible range of recipes, particularly using natural ingredients, provides scope for research and development in the field of oral hygiene products.
Adult↗
A comparison of delmopinol and chlorhexidine on plaque regrowth over a 4-day period and salivary bacterial counts.
Delmopinol has been considered as a potential agent for the chemical control of plaque. The aims of these studies were to measure the effects of a 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride mouthrinse on (1) plaque reformation and (2) salivary bacterial counts. Comparisons were made with a 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse and a placebo rinse. A group of 12 male volunteers took part in the plaque study which was of a double blind, randomised, 3 cell, cross-over design. From a zero plaque baseline subjects rinsed, 2x a day, under supervision, for 1 min with 10-ml volumes of the allocated rinse. After 4 days, during which no other form of oral hygiene was performed, plaque was scored by area and index. Plaque results were significantly lower with chlorhexidine and delmopinol compared with control, and with chlorhexidine compared to delmopinol. Side-effects with delmopinol were transient tingling and numbness of the tongue in some subjects. A 2nd group of 12 male volunteers received single, 1-min rinses of the 3 formulations. Salivary bacterial counts were determined immediately before and up to 420 min after rinsing. Compared to the control rinse, chlorhexidine significantly reduced bacterial counts of 420 min. Delmopinol produced a small reduction in bacterial counts which was only significantly different from control at one time point. Delmopinol deserves further evaluation as a chemical plaque inhibitor, particularly when used as an adjunct to normal toothcleaning.
Adult↗
Local research ethics committees. Report of the 2nd National Conference.
The major theme of this conference was the present variable performance of local research ethics committees (LRECs). Opening the meeting, Dame Margaret Turner-Warwick pointed to the tremendous advances that were taking place in medical practice and science and that this was therefore an opportune moment to 'see where we are, and share solutions as well as problems in the discussion and debate of this meeting'.
Epidemiology↗
Nursing research priorities for the care of the naval hospital patient: a Delphi survey.
The purpose of this study was to identify priorities for nursing research in a naval hospital using the Delphi technique. A general objective was to provide empirically based information to guide the development of a nursing research program at a regional medical treatment facility. Via a three-round Delphi survey, priority research questions were identified for the nursing department of a naval regional medical treatment facility. A serendipitous result was the identification of nursing research priorities within a deployed naval fleet hospital.
Delphi Technique↗
Guided tissue regeneration.
One of the main goals of periodontal therapy is the predictable regeneration of the periodontium by allowing repopulation of periodontal ligament cells into the wound area after surgery and preventing the colonisation of the exposed root surface with epithelial, gingival, and bone cells. In order to achieve this, emphasis has been placed on the use of barrier materials in the form of semipermeable membranes which are interposed between the mucoperiosteal flap and the bone and tooth surfaces during surgery. This technique is known as 'guided tissue regeneration' (GTR) and this article looks at the theory and practice of GTR, as well as reviewing the use of non-resorbable membrane materials such as expanded polytetrafluor-ethylene and ethyl cellulose, and resorbable materials such as collagen and polylactic acid.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Magnetic fields associated with spreading depression in anaesthetised rabbits.
Magnetic fields were measured with SQUID magnetometry outside the skull of anaesthetised rabbits during initiation and propagation of spreading depression (SD) in the cortex. Slowly changing fields (up to 1.4 pT) were observed during the propagation phase, from 4-8.5 min after initiation of SD with KCl application, with maxima at about 6 min. The peak amplitude of the equivalent net dipole generators in the brain was ca. 28 microA.mm, substantially less than previously observed with SD in vitro, but large enough that similar signals might be detectable in man.
Anesthesia, General↗
Auditory evoked cortical magnetic field (M100-M200) measurements in tinnitus and normal groups.
Recently, Hoke et al. (1989) and Pantev et al. (1989) demonstrated that the auditory evoked cortical magnetic field (AECMF) M100 component was larger, and M200 was smaller and occurred later in subjects with unilateral tinnitus compared with normal subjects. These group amplitude differences resulted in an M200/M100 amplitude ratio that was smaller for the subjects with tinnitus. The purposes of the present investigation were to: 1) extend the observations of Hoke et al. (1989), and, 2) determine whether contralateral AECMF differences existed following stimulation of the non-tinnitus and tinnitus ears of patients with tinnitus. Neuromagnetic AECMF recordings were recorded from 25 young normal hearing and 14 patients with unilateral tinnitus and hearing loss. The results failed to support the findings of Hoke et al. (1989). Specifically, there is no evidence suggesting that the M100 amplitude is larger, the M200 latency later, or, the M200/M100 amplitude ratios smaller, when the two samples are compared. Additionally, there were no differences in the amplitudes or latencies of M100 or M200 when results from stimulation of the tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears of tinnitus subjects were compared.
Adult↗
The use of an oxidising mouthwash to reduce staining associated with chlorhexidine. Studies in vitro and in vivo.
Discolouration of the teeth, tongue and dental restorative materials associated with the use of cationic antiseptics is still the limiting factor in long-term usage of antiplaque agents such as chlorhexidine. Oxidising agents have been used successfully to remove dental stain in animals, but products and regimens have not been evaluated in humans. These pilot studies in vitro and in vivo assessed a long-established oxidising mouthwash, based on peroxyborate, for stain removal from teeth and acrylic. The laboratory studies measured chlorhexidine tea stain removal from tooth and acrylic specimens. The oxidising agent markedly reduced staining on specimens. In a short-term clinical experiment, dental staining was forced over a 2 1/2-day period by reciprocal chlorhexidine and tea rinsing. 5 rinses with the oxidising mouthwash during the next 1 1/2 days dramatically reduced staining compared with water after rinses. Additionally, a single rinse with peroxyborate following the 5 water after rinses, again considerably reduced the residual staining. Effects on tongue staining were less impressive. Both experimental models produced findings consistent with those from the animal model. The results suggest proprietary oxidising mouthwashes could have a place in the control of dental stain associated with the use of chlorhexidine. Further studies to evaluate such products in a more conventional chlorhexidine regimen are indicated.
Adult↗
Kinetic modeling as a prescription aid in peritoneal dialysis.
Methods for calculating fluid and mass removal in peritoneal dialysis are presented in order to aid clinicians in their care and management of patients and to assist them in their understanding of the physiological mechanisms which govern peritoneal transport. These methods are based on the Pyle-Popovich peritoneal mass transport model which encompasses both diffuse and convective transport as well as lymphatic flow and residual renal function. Algebraic solutions to the mass balance equations governing solute transport are provided. Since these solutions are expressed explicitly as functions of time, they are easily programmed for use on a personal computer or calculator. This offers considerable advantage over the more computer-intensive numerical solutions which had been previously required since one can now calculate both mass removal and changes in blood concentration at the end of an exchange without requiring any intermediate calculations. This computational advantage and the ability to model changes in blood concentration are shown to be of particular importance when modeling more dynamic therapies such as CCPD or Tidal peritoneal dialysis. Finally, the model and solutions, when assessed clinically among 5 patients on two separate occasions, resulted in predicted fluid and mass removals which were in high concordance with measured fluid and mass removals (concordance correlation coefficients in excess of 0.97). Our findings suggest that kinetic modeling can provide the kind of analytical tools necessary to guide clinicians in their care and management of peritoneal dialysis patients.
Algorithms↗
The effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride prebrushing rinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene and gingival health.
A NUMBER OF MOUTHWASH PRODUCTS containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are available. Data for individual products are limited, although overall the antiseptic has been shown to reduce plaque. Results for gingivitis reductions by CPC have been equivocal. This study was an active/placebo parallel group design to evaluate the use of a CPC mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene when used before toothbrushing. Plaque and gingivitis scores were recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks, following twice daily use of the active or placebo prebrushing rinses. Plaque and gingivitis were significantly reduced at 6 weeks in both groups with no significant treatment differences between the active and placebo formulations. Whether the order of rinsing to toothbrushing influenced these findings cannot be determined. However, the results further question the adjunctive benefits of CPC rinses to gingival health.
Cetylpyridinium↗
Volume-sensitive release of taurine from cultured astrocytes: properties and mechanism.
Release of taurine in response to cell swelling induced by hyposmolarity was observed in cultured astrocytes. Efflux of 3H-taurine increased by 30% and 70% upon reductions in osmolarity of only 5% and 10%. Reductions in osmolarity of 20%, 30%, and 50% stimulated basal taurine release by 300%, 500%, and 1,500%, respectively. The properties of this volume-sensitive release of taurine were examined to investigate: 1) its association with K+ and Cl- fluxes, currently activated during volume regulation: 2) its relationship with Ca2(+)-dependent reactions; and 3) the mechanism of the taurine efflux process. Taurine release was unaffected by removal of Na+, Ca2+, or Cl-, by pimozide and trifluoperazine, or by agents disrupting the cytoskeleton. The K+ channel inhibitors barium, quinidine, tetraethylammonium, and gadolinium had no effect. Taurine release was reduced by furosemide, a blocker of K+/Cl- cotransport, but not by the more specific inhibitor, bumetanide. It was markedly reduced by the inhibitors of Cl- channels DIDS, SITS, and anthracene-9-carboxylate. Taurine efflux was pH-dependent, being reduced at low pH values. It was decreased at 4 degrees C but not at 14 degrees C or 20 degrees C. These results suggest that the volume-sensitive release of taurine is independent of K+ fluxes but may be associated with Cl- conductances. It also seems unrelated to Ca2(+)-dependent transduction mechanisms. The Na(+)-dependent taurine carrier apparently is not involved in the swelling-induced release process.
Animals↗
Neuromagnetic fields in migraine: preliminary findings.
Neuromagnetic signals consistent with spreading cortical depression have been observed in 9 of 12 migraine patients studied, but not in normal controls (out of 8 studied) or in patients with non-migrainous headache (4 studied). These signals consist of large amplitude, usually biphasic waveforms presumably arising from the onset or offset of spreading cortical depression in a sulcus, and prolonged attenuation of magnetic amplitudes, associated with suppressed neuronal activity. Techniques are described which recognize various kinds of artefacts and which distinguish changes in state of arousal of the patient from the presumed spreading cortical depression signals.
Cortical Spreading Depression↗
Immunodeficiencies in chronic renal failure.
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Antibody Formation↗
Functional changes in immunocompetent cells induced by direct cell/membrane interactions in dialysis.
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Humans↗