Biomedical subjects

J Moryś

Publications and source records attributed to J Moryś.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

The amygdaloid complex of the rabbit--morphological and histochemical study.

The aim of the present paper is to describe the morphology and topography of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex in the rabbit. In the current study we also investigated the intensity of the enzymatic reaction for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the amygdaloid complex and the morphology of its neurones. Material consisted of 5 brains of adult New Zealand rabbit, stained either with cresyl violet or for AChE activity. Although, as in other mammals, the rabbit amygdala consists of two main nuclear groups (corticomedial and basolateral), it reveals a peculiar morphology pattern, forming a transition structure between those observed in the cat and rat. Especially characteristic is the arrangement of the basolateral complex. Within that the ventromedial division of the lateral nucleus seems to be the largest, while its dorsolateral division--the smallest. The arrangement of the corticomedial complex in the rabbit is similar to both the cat and rat. In the rabbit the highest acetylcholinesterase activity is found in the basolateral nucleus and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. The lowest AChE staining is observed in the cortical and medial nuclei, amygdalohippocampal and anterior amygdaloid areas and intercalated masses.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed2000

Expression of calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin during development of rat's basolateral amygdaloid complex.

Parvalbumin and calbindin-D28k are calcium-binding proteins, which are considered to be markers for certain populations of GABAergic neurons. Their correct development in the basolateral amygdaloid complex is critical for the proper emotional functioning in adult live of human and animals. Therefore, in this paper we describe the pattern of the morphological differentiation and distribution of immunoreactive elements of the parvalbumin and calbindin-D28k in this complex on the basis of immunohistochemically stained material obtained from embryonic (E20) and postnatal (P0-P90) rat brains. Calbindin-D28k appeared early in the development, already in the prenatal life. At this time immunopositive reaction was visible only in cell bodies. However, during development the population of immunopositive neurons was divided into four types: (1) polygonal; (2) piriform-like; (3) bipolar; and (4) pyramidal-like. Two weeks after birth calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity also appeared in neuropil. First, there were visible calbindin-D28k positive fibers and granules that encircled unstained cell bodies and formed basket-like structures. Subsequently, these granules appeared along proximal parts of unstained dendrites forming, so called 'cartridges'. The distribution of calbindin-D28k positive cells during postnatal life was rather homogenous throughout whole basolateral complex. Intensity of calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity reached mature level on the 21st day after birth.The maturation pattern of parvalbumin immunopositive elements followed the same sequence as calbindin-D28k, but it started much later - since the 17th day after birth and reached mature appearance on the 30th day of life. Contrary to calbindin-D28k, parvalbumin was not homogeneously distributed in the basolateral complex. Originally, parvalbumin was restricted to the magnocellular part of basolateral nucleus but it was finally expressed also in the parvicellular part of basolateral nucleus and the dorsolateral part of lateral nucleus. The differences in development of these two calcium-binding proteins indicate that parvalbumin and calbindin-D28k play diverse roles during development and maturation of the basolateral amygdala.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

The combined retrograde transport and unbiased stereological study of the claustrocortical connections in the rabbit.

The quantitative analysis of the claustrocortical connections in the rabbit, labeled with the fluorescent retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG), was conducted by means of unbiased stereology. The FG was injected into selected regions of the motor, somatosensory, auditory and visual cortices and then a comparison of the various claustrocortical projections was carried out. This was achieved by comparing (1) the numerical densities of projecting neurones for each claustral projection zone and (2) the distribution of the labeled neurones throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the claustrum. No significant differences between the numerical densities of labeled neurones in the various projection zones are reported. The motor and primary somatosensory projections dominated in the anterior and central parts of the claustrum, whereas the secondary somatosensory, auditory and visual projections--in the posterior part. The difference in the distributions was significant (p < 0.001). Summarizing, the cortical projections in the claustrum, although varying topographically, do not reveal a quantitative differentiation. This may speak in favour of the integrative and modulating function of this structure in relationship to the neocortex.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Claustrocingulate connections in the rabbit and rat--a stereological study.

Unbiased stereological methods were used for estimating the numerical density and the total number of claustral neurones projecting to the cingulate cortex in rabbit and rat. In rat the numerical density of neurones projecting to the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSG) differed significantly from those projecting to the retrosplenial agranular (RSA) and cingulate (Cg) cortices while in rabbit the numerical densities of retrogradely labelled neurones in the claustrum following injections into various areas of the cerebral cortex did not differ significantly. The total number of retrogradely labelled neurones in the claustral limbic zones did not differ significantly in both species. The quantitative analysis of claustral zones projecting to a different cingulate cortex area, both in rabbit and rat, reveals that each of these zones is rather homogeneous.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The connections of the endopiriform nucleus with the insular claustrum in the rat and rabbit.

The connections between two parts of the claustrum in the rat and rabbit were studied using the highly fluorescent lipophilic carbocyanine dye (Dil). After the application of Dil crystal into the endopiriform nucleus, labeled fibers in the insular claustrum were observed in its part directly neighboring the insular cortex and capsula externa. Additionally, numerous projections into the piriform, insular and entorhinal cortices were present. The presence of connections between the endopiriform nucleus and insular claustrum suggests its role concerned with the processes taking part in the allocortical regions as well as in the limbic system.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Qualitative and quantitative differences in the motor and somatosensory cortical projections of the rat claustrum--combined retrograde transport and stereological studies.

Using axonal retrograde tracing, combined with morphometric analysis, we compared the distribution and number of claustral neurons projecting to the motor and somatosensory cortical areas in the Wistar rat. Comparable volumes of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold, were injected into the motor or somatosensory cortices. Injections into these areas resulted in labeling of neurons along the entire length of the claustrum. Neurons retrogradely labeled after injection into the motor cortex prevailed in the anterior part of the claustrum, whereas those projecting to the somatosensory cortex predominated in the central part. The mean number of claustral neurons retrogradely labeled after tracer injections into the motor cortex significantly outnumbered that from the somatosensory cortical area (p < 0.01). Similarly, the mean value of the numerical density of the retrogradely labeled neurons was significantly higher for the motor projection zone in the claustrum, than for the somatosensory projection zone (p < 0.001). The contralateral claustral projections, both into the motor and somatosensory cortices, were considerably lower in number than the ipsilateral ones. These findings indicate that: (1) the claustral projections to the various cortical regions seem to be differentiated (2) the distribution of claustral neurons projecting to the motor and somatosensory neocortical areas shows an anteroposterior gradient, (3) the claustrum of the rat appears to be more closely related to the motor than to the somatosensory system, (4) the rat claustrum seems to function more as a satellite than a relay structure in relationship to the cerebral cortex.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The different patterns of maturation of the claustrocortical connections in a rabbit.

The quantitative analysis of the claustrocortical connections labeled with the fluorescent retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was conducted on 90 rabbits subdivided into the following age groups (P2, P7, P14, P21, P30, P60, P90, P120, P180). The equal volumes of retrograde fluorescent tracer FluoroGold (FG) were injected into the selected regions of the motor or somatosensory cortices. The volume of the dorsal part of the claustrum, total number of projecting neurons, numerical density and percentage distribution of projecting neurons were estimated by means of the unbiased stereological methods. The claustrocortical connections both with the motor and somatosensory areas in a rabbit are established in the postnatal life. The parts of the claustrum occupied by the motor and somatosensory projection zones as well as the morphology of the cortically projecting neurons do not reveal characteristic changes during the studied period. The significant decrease of the total number and numerical density of cortically projecting neurons as well as the increase of the claustral volume may reflect the process of adjustment of the claustrum to its modulatory function upon corresponding cortical areas. The intensity of the claustral connections with the motor and somatosensory cortices reveals significant difference during the studied period, being higher for the motor projection. It may be assumed that the claustrocortical connections established before birth undergo significant quantitative changes during postnatal development.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Immunohistochemical study of microglial and astroglial cells during postnatal development of rat striatum.

The present study investigates the development of microglial and astroglial cells in the postnatal rat striatum, using immunohistochemical methods with panel antibodies that recognize macrophage antigens of unknown function--ED 1, complement type 3 receptor--OX-42 (for microglia) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (for astrocytes). On the day of birth, ED1/OX-42- immunoreactive microglial cells present in the striatum represent ameboid microglia. Between P0 and P10 we could observe the migration of ameboid microglial cells from neuroepithelial ventricular zone through internal and external capsules into the striatum. During the second postnatal week (P10, P14) a considerable decline of ameboid ED1-immunoreactive microglial cells and an increase of the number of OX-42 positive ramified cells was observed. At P21 only OX-42 positive ramified cells were observed in the whole striatum. On the day of birth, only a few GFAP-positive cells resembling radial glia were observed in the striatum. During the first postnatal week, the number of GFAP-positive cells increased significantly; they showed typical morphology of the astrocytes present in the adult animals. After P21 the final striatal population of astroglia was formed.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Developmental changes of MAP2 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus of the rat.

Microtubules are present in high concentration in the nervous system and are a prominent component of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Microtubules are composed of tubulin and variety of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which have been implicated in the regulation of microtubule assembly and function. MAP2 is the most abundant of these proteins, and it has been extensively characterized in various functional and pathological conditions. In the present study the distribution of MAP2 was examined in each layer of the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus in rat development. A total of 40 brains at various ages starting from postnatal day (P) 0 to P90 were examined. After perfusional fixation the brains were frozen and cut on the coronal plane and stained with either cresyl violet or standard immunohistochemical methods using the anti-MAP2 antibody. MAP2 exhibited a somatodendritic pattern of localization in cells of the hippocampus. Staining was most prominent in dendrites and perikarya as well as granules surrounding cell bodies. In a newborn rat's brain immunostaining was intense in granules and faint in perikarya. Between P4 and P21 immunostaining density for MAP2 was stronger and appeared in perikarya, granules, and dendritic trees. After P21 the perikarya and dendrites of the pyramidal layer and stratum radiatum of the hippocampus proper, as well as the molecular and granular layer of dentate gyrus, showed reduced immunoreactivity. In the stratum oriens of the hippocampus and polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus immunoreactivity was still strong until P90.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

The influence of the intraventricular hemorrhage on the intracranial pressure and hemodynamic changes in the experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in the rabbits.

The experimental model of the intracerebral hematoma in the rabbit was used for the investigation of the changes of the intracranial pressure and selected hemodynamic parameters. The study was performed on 13 adult rabbits, divided into two groups receiving 1 ml (group I--6 animals) and 2 ml (group II--7 animals) of fresh arterial blood, respectively. The monitoring of the intracranial pressure (ICP), the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), the heart rate (HR), the end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2) and the body temperature was measured every minute in the hematoma production phase and every 5 minutes for the consecutive three hours. The volume of the hematoma was calculated according to Cavalieri formula, with the use of the system for the automatic picture analysis. The mean volume of the intraparenchymal part of the hematoma in group I was higher than in the group II. However, in all the representatives of the second group the evidence of the intraventricular hemorrhage was present. The dynamics of the ICP, MABP and HR changes differed significantly in both groups during the period of the observation. On the basis of the physiological and morphological observations we conclude that the changes of ICP remain the most sensitive and valuable parameter during the early course of the intracerebral hemorrhage. Coexistence of the rapid ICP, MABP and HR changes must be always regarded as the possible sign of the intraventricular hemorrhage.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Cholinergic endings on various neurones containing calcium binding proteins and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the hippocampus of the rat.

Immunohistochemical study of the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal cells containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and calcium binding proteins: parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) was conducted on 5 adult rat brains. Analysis of sections with double immunostaining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT; the marker of cholinergic cells, fibres and terminals) and respectively either GAD or PV, CB, CR, using confocal laser-scanning microscope shows that the intensive cholinergic innervations receive GAD, PV and CB-positive hippocampal cells. Cholinergic afferentiations of the CR-positive neurones are considerably fewer.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1999

Relationship of calcium-binding protein containing neurons and projection neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala.

Two-laser and two-color approaches were used to observe the colocalization of the calcium-binding proteins, calbindin D28k and parvalbumin, and the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG) in the basolateral amygdala of the rat. The study was performed on five adult rats into which FG was injected to the frontal association cortex. Then, the localization of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the basolateral amygdala was compared with the localization of the neurons labeled by calcium-binding proteins. The present study showed that most of the retrogradely labeled neurons in the posterior part of the basolateral amygdala are also calbindin-positive. Even though a lot of parvalbumin-positive endings were present at the surface of the retrogradely labeled cells, we did not observe the colocalization of the parvalbumin and projective neurons.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1999

The developmental changes of the "paraclaustral reservoir" of migrating cells in the rat brain: a study using morphometric and in situ DNA end labeling techniques.

A distinct group of small cells lying in the ventral part of the external capsule in the rat brain is clearly visible at birth. On the basis of its location (medially to the prepiriform claustrum) and probably its function (as a source of neurons for adjacent structures), we define this nucleus as the "paraclaustral reservoir". The present study reveals the cellular changes of the paraclaustral reservoir during postnatal development of the rat brain using unbiased morphometry and in situ DNA end labeling. During the first 4 days after birth the density and total number of cells in the paraclaustral reservoir were stable; after this period a decrease of these parameters was observed until the complete disappearance of this structure at the end of first postnatal week. The rather low number of TUNEL (TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling of fragmented DNA) positive nuclei in the paraclaustral reservoir suggests that apoptosis is not a crucial mechanism leading to decay of this structure.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

Comparative anatomy of the claustrum in selected species: A morphometric analysis.

The morphology of the claustrum was studied by stereological methods in representatives of five mammalian orders (Insectivora, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora and Primates). In each species under study, a dorsal and a ventral part of the nucleus can be distinguished. Based on differences in shape and separation from surrounding structures, five morphological types of the claustrum occur. The claustrum of Insectivora and some rodents represents the least complicated morphological type. The nucleus is very poorly separated from the surrounding structures. The human claustrum is morphologically the most complicated, although the two above-mentioned principal divisions are apparent. The ventrally situated paraamygdalar part of the human claustrum may correspond to the endopiriform nucleus or ventral part of the claustrum of other mammals, because of its morphological characteristics and connections with the limbic system. In guinea pigs, traditionally classified as members of the Rodentia, a characteristic morphological type of the claustrum is present. This observation may support arguments questioning the current position of this species in mammalian classification. Based on stereological studies, the increase of the claustral volume that occurs with increase of the hemispheric volume is significantly smaller than the increase of the isocortical volume and larger than the increase of the allocortical volume. The increase of the volume of the dorsal and ventral parts of the claustrum does not differ significantly in the species under study. Neurons of the claustrum represent differentiated morphology. The numerical density of neurons in the dorsal part of the claustrum is significantly higher than in the ventral one. Differences in the morphology and cellular structure of the two parts of the claustrum may suggest differences in function of the two parts of the nucleus, most probably concerned with transfer of information among various cortical regions. Changes in the claustrum, a cortico-related structure, that occur with increased brain volume, may suggest that its development is less dynamic than that of the isocortex.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The piriform cortex and the endopiriform nucleus in the rat reveal generally similar pattern of connections.

The afferent and efferent connections of the piriform cortex and the endopiriform nucleus in the rat were studied by the method of axonal transport of two fluorescent tracers: Fluoro-Gold and Fluoro-Ruby. The results indicate that both structures possess not only the connections with the olfactory system, but also the reciprocal connections with the limbic system (entorhinal cortex, amygdaloid body), thalamus (mediodorsal and midline nuclei), extrapyramidal system (ventral part of the nucleus accumbens). The topographic differences in the organization of the association connections between the anterior and posterior parts of the piriform cortex are reported. Additionally, the reciprocal and relatively numerous connections between the endopiriform nucleus and the piriform cortex may result in their modulatory function, which in some pathological circumstances may have a critical significance in epileptogenesis.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1999

Measurements of the Obersteiner-Redlich zone of the vagus nerve and their possible clinical applications.

The aim of our study was to describe anatomical variability of the root entry zone (REZ), also called the Obersteiner-Redlich zone, that represents the "junction zone" of glia and Schwann sheath of the cranial nerves. This zone has some clinical implications. The pulsatile compression of REZ by a vessel may produce clinical symptoms, such us trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, glossopharyngeal neuralgia torticollis spasmodicus or even symptoms of essential hypertension when a vascular cross compression of REZ of a left vagus nerve is present. The vessel--cranial nerve contact in the skull base cysterns may be visualized in radiologic examinations, most accurately in magnetic resonance imaging. Because, we cannot distinguish the REZ from the rest of the vagus nerve in radiologic examinations we decided to measure the length of its REZ. The microanatomical study of the length of REZ zone of the vagus nerve was performed on 21 nerves taken from 17 human brain stems (12 men, 5 women, 14 left, 7 right), fixed with 8% buffered formalin solution. Paraffin embedded tissue was cut into 10-micron-thick sections parallel to the nerve longitudinal axis and stained with hematoxilin & eosin. Each of the nerves showed the presence of a zone of oligodendrocyte myelination, mean length 2 +/- 0.3 mm. In 17 nerves the transitional zone formed a cone-like process, in 4 nerves was shaped irregularly. The length of REZ (oligodendrocyte myelination plus "glial dome") had the mean length 3.5 +/- 0.9 mm.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Expression and distribution of various antigens of developing microglial cells in the rat telencephalon.

The distribution of microglia during the early stages of postnatal development in the rat was studied on rat brain from day of birth to postnatal day 90 (P90), using immunohistochemical methods with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognized the complement type 3 receptor (OX-42), macrophage antigen of unknown function (ED1), and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (OX-18) or class II (OX-6) antigens. Starting from the day of birth, ameboid microglia can be differentiated with positive immunoreactivity to OX-42, OX-18, and ED1. Labeled cells were localized mainly in the developing white matter. After P21, only positive reaction to OX-42 was present, and those cells had the typical morphology of the resting microglial cells that were located either in the white or grey matter. The changes in the appearance of different antigens are correlated with the morphological differentiation and transformation of ameboid microglial cells that are to become ramified microglia, present in the adult animals.

Aging↗

PubMed1999

The shape of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle in relation to collateral and occipitotemporal sulci.

The shape of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle has been investigated in 100 (50 right and 50 left) human brain hemispheres which were fixed in 40% formaldehyde solution and cut frontally. It has been found that the shape of the inferior horn depends on the course and depth of the collateral and occipitotemporal sulci. In most cases a part from two main ventricular surfaces: the hippocampal and superolateral, there is one surface more, either the inferior-collateral eminence (Type I--97% of cases in the posterior part of the inferior horn, 49%--in the middle and 42%--in the anterior part) or the inferolateral, adjecent to the occipitotemporal sulcus (Type II--0%, 26% and 35%, respectively). In a few cases both collateral eminence and inferolateral surface were present (Type III--3%, 2% and 6% respectively). In type IV neither collateral eminence nor the inferolateral surface appeared (0%, 23%, 17% respectively). The authors suggest to designate the inferolateral surface, not mentioned in the literature, as the occpitotemporal eminence (of the inferior horn).

Adult↗