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Biomedical subjects

J Mullin

Publications and source records attributed to J Mullin.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Comparative analysis of goal achievement during rehabilitation for older and younger adults with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rehabilitation outcome in a representative sample of older and younger SCI patients. DESIGN: Case series, consecutive sample, survey. SETTING: Tertiary care, spinal cord injury unit (National Spinal Injuries Centre), Stoke Mandeville Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and forty-seven male and 45 female newly injured in-patients (consisting of 152 younger adults, age range=16 to 54, and 40 older adults, age range=55 to 85) admitted between 1995 and 1999. INTERVENTION: All patients were actively participating in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary Goal Planning and Needs Assessment rehabilitation programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Needs Assessment Checklist. Specifically designed and developed for the spinal cord injured population, this clinical assessment tool provides a way of assessing and ensuring that rehabilitation programmes are geared toward each patient's individual needs, providing the patient with the skills appropriate to their level of lesion. As part of ongoing psychometric analyses of the Needs Assessment Checklist, internal consistency reliability coefficients are reported for this measure. RESULTS: The type and cause of injury for the older adult group in this study was comparable with previous research. Older adults' rehabilitation gains were comparable to those of the younger age group. Younger adults were more mobile initially after their injury. However, when the two groups were matched for injury characteristics etc. the only differences in final outcome between older and younger adults were in skin management ability. Both groups showed significant improvements in all areas of need in the period between mobilisation and entering the pre-discharge ward. CONCLUSION: These results highlight important considerations for the rehabilitation of older adults and emphasise the need for active, individually tailored rehabilitation programmes. There are specific areas of need (i.e. skin management) where older adults do not achieve comparable levels of independence. Special attention needs to be paid to the problems presented by SCI older adults and efforts should be made to better prepare rehabilitation professionals to adapt to age specific differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages.

We have investigated the immunostimulatory activity of the medicinal plant Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng). Rat alveolar macrophages were treated with different extracts from 4-year old roots, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production was used as a measure of immunostimulatory activity. Aqueous extracts of P. quinquefolius root (1-100 microg/ml) were found to significantly stimulate alveolar macrophage TNF release. Both a P. quinquefolius methanol extract containing ginsenosides (but no polysaccharides), and pure ginsenoside-Rb1, the major ginsenoside present in P. quinquefolius, were found to be inactive as TNF-stimulating agents. Significant TNF-stimulating activity was found in the extractable polysaccharide fraction, which was hydrolyzed and found to contain glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and mannose. This represents the first evidence that North American ginseng exerts cytokine-stimulating activity on macrophages.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

A double-blind multicentre comparison of mirtazapine and amitriptyline in elderly depressed patients.

A total of 115 elderly patients (60-85 years of age) with DSM III diagnosis of major depressive episode were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of treatment with either mirtazapine, 15-45 mg/day, or amitriptyline, 30-90 mg/day. Efficacy was assessed biweekly, using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as primary outcome variables. The treatment with both drugs resulted in a similar reduction of total HRDS and MADRS scores, with no statistically significant differences between treatment groups at any assessment point or at endpoint. Statistically significant differences favouring amitriptyline were present according to CGI-Global Improvement Scale at endpoint, HRDS cognitive disturbance factor at weeks 2, 4 and 6 and endpoint and retardation factor at week 6. Adverse events were reported by a similar number of patients in both treatment groups. Additional research is needed to assess further the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine among elderly depressed patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Insulin normalization as an approach to the pharmacological treatment of obesity.

Hyperinsulinemia and exaggerated insulin response to glucose are among the hallmarks of obesity. However, the role of hyperinsulinemia in the etiology and maintenance of obesity has been controversial. If hyperinsulinemia plays a critical role as proposed, then its reversal may have therapeutic potential. To test this hypothesis, the activity of Ro 23-7637, (4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)-1-[1-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl) nonyl]piperidine), which partially normalizes plasma insulin by an action on pancreatic islets from obese rats, was assessed. When islets were cultured for 2 days with 10 microM Ro 23-7637, a significant reduction in the exaggerated glucose-induced insulin secretion was observed. When islets from lean rats were exposed to Ro 23-7637, no reduction in insulin secretion was observed. The effects of oral administration of Ro 23-7637 were assessed in Zucker and diet-induced obese rats in doses ranging from 5 to 90 mg/kg/day. Dose-related reductions were observed in: 1) glucose-induced insulin secretion; 2) basal insulin concentration; 3) daily food intake; and 4) bodyweight gain. In diet-induced obese rats, selective mobilization of fat, maintenance of body protein, and decreased energetic efficiency were also observed. An association between the partial normalization of glucose-induced insulin responses and reductions of basal insulin, reduced rates of body weight gain or body weight loss and decreased food intake was observed in obese rats. Therefore, these studies indicate that Ro 23-7637 is an orally active, efficacious antiobesity agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Interactive communication between children: learning how to make language work in dialogue.

In this paper we investigate the development of interactive communication skills in 170 children aged seven to thirteen. Using a communication task that allows extended dialogues between pairs of young speakers, we are able to assess both the overall communicative success achieved by any pair; and from an analysis of the dialogues we can identify several interactive strategies that characterize older and more successful communicators. Successful communication involves the active involvement of both participants: asking and answering questions, volunteering information and responding sensitively to contributions from their partners. In contrast to the process of language acquisition, the development of these interactive skills takes place over an extended time period and subjects vary greatly in their ability to communicate effectively. For many analyses differences in the communicative success achieved by subjects differ more within than between age groups. For example, a substantial minority of our oldest subjects communicate no better than children six years younger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The Human Communication Research Centre dialogue database.

The HCRC dialogue database consists of over 700 transcribed and coded dialogues from pairs of speakers aged from seven to fourteen. The speakers are recorded while tackling co-operative problem-solving tasks and the same pairs of speakers are recorded over two years tackling 10 different versions of our two tasks. In addition there are over 200 dialogues recorded between pairs of undergraduate speakers engaged on versions of the same tasks. Access to the database, and to its accompanying custom-built search software, is available electronically over the JANET system by contacting liz@psy.glasgow.ac.uk, from whom further information about the database and a user's guide to the database can be obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Introducing information in dialogues: forms of introduction chosen by young speakers and the responses elicited from young listeners.

Young speakers in dialogue must establish mutual knowledge. Traditionally, researchers have focused on how children used indefinite and definite articles to signal novel and shared information. In this study of 170 children aged seven to thirteen, the form of introduction chosen, whether question or statement, is more significant than the type of article used. No developmental effects on article use emerge, with statement + indefinite always the least common choice. However, young speakers use question introductions significantly less than older children. There is also a developmental interaction between speakers' and listeners' behaviour. Question introduction elicit effective listener responses at all ages, but only twelve-year-olds respond reliably to statements. Unfortunately, young speakers prefer just those forms of introduction to which young listeners are least likely to provide informative feedback. Thus two separate developmental effects appear to combine to hamper young subjects' chances of achieving successful communication in dialogues.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

beta 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonists. 1. Synthesis and beta-adrenergic blocking activity of a series of binary (aryloxy)propanolamines.

A series of binary (aryloxy)propanolamines has been prepared and examined in vitro and in vivo for beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity. These symmetrical compounds consist of two (S)-(phenyloxy)propanolamine pharmacophores coupled through alkylenedioxy or poly(oxyethylenedioxy) linking units of varying lengths. Examples of such binary compounds linked through the 2,2', 3,3', and 4,4' positions in the aromatic rings of the pharmacophores have been prepared. In vitro and in vivo test data indicate that the 2,2' compounds tend to be selective beta 2-adrenergic blocking agents, the 4,4' binaries tend to be selective beta 1-blocking agents, and those compounds with 3,3' linkages exhibit intermediate selectivities. One of the 4,4'-linked binary compounds, 4s, exhibited potent, cardioselective beta-blockade in vivo, which was of short duration and was accompanied by a prolonged tachycardia.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation and modification of molecular structures with the nanoManipulator.

The nanoManipulator system adds a virtual reality interface to an atomic force microscope (AFM), thus providing a tool that enables the user not only to image but also to manipulate nanometer-sized molecular structures. As the AFM tip scans the surface of these structures, the tip-sample interaction forces are monitored, which in turn provide information about the frictional, mechanical, and topological properties of the sample. Computer graphics are used to reconstruct the surface for the user, with color or contours overlaid to indicate additional data sets. Moreover, by means of a force-feedback pen, which is connected to the scanning tip via software, the user can touch the surface under investigation to feel it and to manipulate objects on it. This system has been used to investigate carbon nanotubes, fibrin, DNA, adenovirus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Nanotubes have been bent, translated, and rotated to understand their mechanical properties and to investigate friction on the molecular level. AFM lithography is being combined with the nanoManipulator to investigate the electromechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. The rupture forces of fibrin and DNA have been measured. This article discusses how some of the graphics and interface features of the nanoManipulator made these novel investigations possible. Visitors have used the system to examine chromosomes, bacterial pili fibers, and nanochain aggregates (NCAs). Investigators are invited to apply to use the system as described on the web at http:@www.cs.unc.edu/Research/nano/doc/biovis it.html.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperature measurement during microwave cooking.

Product development of microwavable foods originally suffered from a high degree of non-uniform heating which is generic in microwave heating. Typically, foods have suffered from either overheated edges or under heated centres. This was compounded by short reheat times which allowed little opportunity for temperature equilibration. A crucial step in overcoming this problem has been the understanding provided from time-temperature data. Conventional temperature measurements by thermocouple, etc. are inappropriate in microwave cooking due to the high electric fields which are present (ca 15 kV/m). The result is either very significant interference, or even failure of the sensor. Therefore, alternative methods were developed to meet the need, some of which are discussed in this paper. One such measurement system is the now commonplace fibre optic probe, originally from Luxtron. The discrete data provided from this system are compared with the surface imaging data delivered by thermal imaging. These techniques are discussed in the context of microwave packaging materials heated in situ in a microwave oven and the need for temperature data as a basis for establishing testing regimes.

Cooking and Eating Utensils↗